Fig. 1

Map of Kwale County showing the 12 localities (shown in numbers) where the 506 cattle were sampled. The sampling localities were: (1) Miaji farm (n = 40), (2) Matuga (n = 13), (3) Ukunda (n = 28), (4) Mwanjaba (n = 10), (5) Kipabane (n = 43), (6) Kichaka simba (n = 107), (7) Majiboni (n = 32), (8) Tangini (n = 59), (9) Shimoni Kidimu (n = 34), (10) Shimoni (n = 32), (11) Kiwambale (n = 33) and (12) Vanga (n = 75). Topography data were acquired from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 3, while the shapefiles for administrative boundaries were obtained from the World Resource Institute website (https://www.wri.org). ArcGIS Desktop version 10.8 was used to prepare and analyse the layers and produce the final map