Table 1 Results from the competition experiments using isotope labelled males (i.e. ¹⁵N or ¹³C) to determine insemination in spermathecae. Treatments were 1) ¹⁵N un-irradiated males : ¹³C un-irradiated males : females (i.e. control), 2) ¹⁵N irradiated males : ¹³C un-irradiated males : females, 3) ¹⁵N un-irradiated males : ¹³C irradiated males : females. Males were irradiated with 70 or 120 Gy in the pupal stage. For the control treatment 1, the proportion and the number (in between brackets) of spermathecae positive for ¹⁵N or ¹³C, are indicated. For the radiation treatments, spermathecae inseminated by irradiated or un-irradiated males are shown. Spermathecae positive for both isotopes are classified as inseminated by "Both". Those with amounts of isotopes below the detection threshold are classified as 'Neither". N is the total number of spermathecae analysed per row. Individual and pooled (when replicates could be grouped) G-test results for each competition experiment are given (see text for details) with significant differences at * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01. Average values for competition experiments (insemination by irradiated or un-irradiated males only) are only given when replicates could be grouped.

From: A stable isotope dual-labelling approach to detect multiple insemination in un-irradiated and irradiated Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes