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Figure 1 | Parasites & Vectors

Figure 1

From: Trypanosoma rangeli: a new perspective for studying the modulation of immune reactions of Rhodnius prolixus

Figure 1

Toll, IMD and JAK-STAT pathways. Insect tissues recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by transmembrane receptors (DOME, Toll and PGRPs) in plasmatic membrane (PM) that activate the three pathways. The JAK-STAT pathway is activated by the receptor DOME (domeless) that transduces the signal to JAK and the cytosolic STAT. The Toll pathway starts with activation of the receptor Toll that signals to the cleavage of Dorsal-related immunity factor (DIF) complex releasing DIF. The IMD pathway through peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) activates IMD (immune deficiency) that regulates the proteolytic cleavage and activation of Relish. The transcription factors (STAT, DIF and Relish) translocate to the nucleus through the nuclear membrine activating the expression of its transcriptional targets resulting in the production of antimicrobial peptides and other immune responses.

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