From: Investigating the evolution of apoptosis in malaria parasites: the importance of ecology
Species | Life cycle stage | ref | condition | Marker | Detection method | Proportion positive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. berghei | ookinetes |  | In vitro | Condensed chromatin | Acridine orange (Sigma) | 18 hrs - 15.5 (±1.06)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 18 hrs - 34.5 (±1.76)% |
 |  | [83] | in PBS suspension |  |  | 22 hrs - 55.8 (±13.68)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 26 hrs - 49.01 (±5.51)% |
 |  |  |  | Fragmented DNA | TUNEL (histochemical, Calbiochem, UK) | 18 hrs - 48.55 (±6.01)% |
 |  |  | or |  |  | 22 hrs - 64.19 (±6.09)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 26 hrs - 69.89 (±2.81)% |
 |  |  | In RPMI | Caspase-like activity | CaspaTag (Chemicon international, USA) | 18 hrs - 17.0 (±2.12) |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 18 hrs - 30.15 (±2.14)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 22 hrs - 43.8 (±1.53)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 18 hrs - 47.72(±3.93)% |
 |  |  |  | Translocation of phosphatidylserine | Annexin V- FITC apoptosis detection kit (Sigma, UK) | 18 hrs - 19.57 (±1.88)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 22 hrs - 28.33 (±5.61)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 26 hrs - 30.12 (±2.75)% |
 |  |  |  | Mitochondrial membrane potential | JC-1 assay kit (Molecular Probes, UK) | 18 hrs - 34.38 (±2.95)% |
 | ookinetes | [24] | In vitro In RPMI | Condensed chromatin | Acridine orange (Sigma) | 24 hrs - 31% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 36 hrs - 80% |
 | ookinetes & zygotes mix |  | In vivo | Condensed chromatin | Acridine orange (Sigma) | 18, 20 & 24 hrs - all over 60% |
 | ookinetes | [77] | In vitro | Translocation of phosphatidylserine | Annexin-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (Sigma, UK) | <3% (assay time not reported) |
 |  |  |  | Fragmented DNA | ApopTag® Fluorescein In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit (Chemicon International) | No positive cells observed (assay time not reported) |
 |  |  |  | Condensed chromatin | Acridine orange (Sigma) | No positive cells observed (assay time not reported) |
 |  |  |  | Caspase-like activity | CaspaTag (Chemicon international, USA) | 21 hrs - 3.8 (±0.05)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 24 hrs - 14 (±9.00)% |
 | ookinetes | * | In vitro In RPMI | Caspase-like activity | CaspaTag (Chemicon international, USA) | 15 hrs - 13.70 (±12.20)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 18 hrs - 13.06 (±6.42)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 21 hrs - 45.90 (±11.00)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 24 hrs - 67.94 (±4.83)% |
 | ookinetes |  | In vitro In RPMI | Fragmented DNA | In situ cell death detection kit, Flourescein (Roche) | 15 hrs - 9.38 (±4.44)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 18 hrs - 14.57 (±3.29)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 21 hrs - 22.08(±8.96)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 24 hrs - 9.24 (±3.09)% |
 | ookinetes | $ | In vitro In RPMI | Caspase-like activity | CaspaTag (Chemicon international, USA) | 18 hrs - 20.06 (±3.50)% |
P. yoellii | ookinetes | * | In vitro In RPMI | Caspase-like activity | CaspaTag (Chemicon international, USA) | 15 hrs - No positive cells observed |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 18 hrs - 4.85 (±1.40)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 21 hrs - 62.8 (±11.10)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 24 hrs - 92.59 (±7.41)% |
 | ookinetes |  | In vitro In RPMI | Fragmented DNA | In situ cell death detection kit, Flourescein (Roche) | 15 hrs - 7.29 (±3.84)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 18 hrs - 7.41 (±4.90)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 21 hrs - 6.09 (±2.92)% |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 24 hrs - 9.70 (±0.36)% |
P. falciparum | ookinete | [25] | In vivo | Fragmented DNA | TUNEL (histochemical, Calbiochem, UK) | 24 hrs - 67.8 (±2.82)% |
 | Asexual blood stages (trophozoites & schizonts) | [23] | In vivo after treatment with chloroquine | Loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential | Carbocyanine dye JC-1 | Timings and proportions positive not reported |
 |  |  |  | Fragmented DNA | TUNEL (fluorescent, Roche) |  |
 |  | [26] | In vivo after treatment with chloroquine | DNA laddering | After electrophoresis, Southern blotting and autoradiography, a ladder pattern observed | Timings and proportions positive not reported |
P. falciparum | Asexual blood stages | [38] | In vivo after treatment with chloroquine (CQ) or staurosporine (ST) | Loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential | Cell-permeable lipophillic cation probe JC-1 (Molecular probes, Eugene, USA) | 10% in untreated cultures increased to 31% (CQ) and 25% (ST) |
 |  |  |  | Caspase-like activity | CaspaTag (Chemicon international, USA) | 10% in untreated cultures increased to 34% (CQ) and 32% (ST) |
 |  |  |  | Fragmented DNA | ApoDirect DNA fragmentation assay kit (Clontech, San Diego, USA) | 10% in untreated cultures increased to 27% (CQ) and 56% (ST) |