Knockdown resistance in Anopheles vagus, An. sinensis, An. paraliae and An. peditaeniatus populations of the Mekong region

Table 2 Genotype frequencies found for An. vagus, An. sinensis, An. paraliae and An. peditaeniatus

Species	Insecticide	Alive	N	*kdr* genotype				p-value³
		Dead²		L1014/L1014	L1014/L1014S	L1014S/L1014S
An. vagus ¹	DDT	A	160	93.75%	6.25%	0.00%		0.2297
		D	298	96.64%	3.36%	0.00%
	PERMETHRIN	A	105	87.86%	12.14%	0.00%		0.3844
		D	334	96.71%	3.29%	0.00%
	ALPHA-CYPERMETHRIN	A	134	94.78%	5.22%	0.00%		0.0970
		D	205	98.54%	1.46%	0.00%
	LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN	A	104	95.19%	4.81%	0.00%		0.7211
		D	103	97.09%	2.91%	0.00%
An. sinensis	DDT	A	16	93.75%	6.25%	0.00%		1.0000
		D	46	93.48%	6.52%	0.00%
	PERMETHRIN	A	44	90.91%	9.09%	0.00%		0.3642
		D	39	97.44%	2.56%	0.00%
	ALPHA-CYPERMETHRIN	A	40	97.50%	2.50%	0.00%		1.0000
		D	43	95.35%	4.65%	0.00%
	LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN	A	45	95.56%	4.44%	0.00%		1.0000
		D	31	96.77%	3.23%	0.00%
An. paraliae	DDT	A	21	38.09%	42.86%	19.05%		0.6918
		D	29	44.83%	41.38%	13.79%
	PERMETHRIN	A	30	50.00%	50.00%	0.00%		1.0000
		D	3	66.67%	33.33%	0.00%
				L1014/L1014	L1014/L1014F	L1014F/L1014F	L1014F/L1014S
An. peditaeniatus	DDT	A	93	1.08%	6.45%	90.32%	2.15%	0.7497
		D	7	0.00%	0.00%	100.00%	0.00%
	PERMETHRIN	A	74	1.35%	0.00%	98.65%	0.00%	1.0000
		D	12	0.00%	0.00%	100.00%	0.00%
	ALPHA-CYPERMETHRIN	A	77	0.00%	2.60%	97.40%	0.00%	0.3085
		D	10	0.00%	10.00%	90.00%	0.00%
	LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN	A	79	0.00%	2.53%	96.20%	1.27%	1.0000
		D	10	0.00%	0.00%	100.00%	0.00%
	ETOFENPROX	A	73	1.37%	1.37%	97.26%	0.00%	1.0000
		D	8	0.00%	0.00%	100.00%	0.00%

For An. vagus, the genotypes of the different populations could be pooled, because for each population the kdr genotypes were equally distributed among the bioassay survivors and non-survivors (exact test for population differentiation using GENEPOP [30]). ¹ Pooled results for An. vagus populations of KMDA, KKPB, VBHC, VGLA, VPYA and VTYA. The An. vagus population of VTGB was excluded from the analysis, because only permethrin survivors were available. ² A: Alive, D: Dead; 24 hours after exposure to a discriminative dosage of an insecticide in a WHO bioassay. ³ p-value of the genotypic differentiation between survivors and non-survivors (* correlation is significant at the 0.05 level) (Genepop; [30]).

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