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Table 3 Knockdown resistance (Kdr) mutations (L1014F) in wild Anopheles gambiae, exposed to pyrethroid insecticide treated papers, from four localities in Ghana.

From: Insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes at four localities in Ghana, West Africa

Locality

Molecular form

Resistant

Phenotype

RR

RS

SS

% kdr

frequency

Obuasi

S

Resistant

11

1

0

95.8

  

Susceptible

12

31

8

53.9

Ahafo

S

Resistant

20

0

0

100

Akyem

S

Resistant

17

18

3

68.4

  

Susceptible

14

7

6

64.8

Tarkwa

S

Resistant

56

1

0

99.1

  

Susceptible

10

0

0

100

  1. Genotypes RR = homozygous resistant, RS = heterozygous resistant/susceptible and SS = homozygous susceptible.