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Figure 1 | Parasites & Vectors

Figure 1

From: Schistosoma-associated Salmonella resist antibiotics via specific fimbrial attachments to the flatworm

Figure 1

Amoxicillin resistance in Salmonella adhering to schistosomes (black boxes). Approximately 104 CFUs of antibiotic-sensitive Salmonella typhimurium were incubated with a single adult Schistosoma for two hours followed by the addition of the "breakpoint" concentration [16] of amoxicillin (32 μg/ml). Following washing of the antibiotic, Salmonella were liberated from eukaryotes by trypsinization and bacteria were then recovered and enumerated for determination of percent bacterial killing. Salmonella typhimurium strains include SL1344 (invasive), BJ68 (non-invasive), and EE419 (hyperinvasive). Control conditions include determining bacterial killing prior to co-incubation with schistosomes (open boxes) and following adherence to schistosomes (vertical hatching). Additional controls included the assessment of antibiotic-mediated killing of Salmonella adhering to Girardia free-living flatworms (horizontal hatching) and HEp-2 mammalian tissue culture cells (gray boxes). A laboratory strain of E. coli (Top10) was also used as a control. Data presented are the mean ± SEM for three independent experiments each performed in triplicate. *, bacterial survival was significantly higher (p <0.01) during adherence to schistosomes when compared to the other conditions for Salmonella.

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