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Figure 1 | Parasites & Vectors

Figure 1

From: Genomes and geography: genomic insights into the evolution and phylogeography of the genus Schistosoma

Figure 1

Maps displaying the two hypotheses of the origins of the schistosomes. 1a showing the African origin as suggested by Davis [2, 3] 1) and 2) indicate the African Schistosoma moving over to Asia on the Indian plate 70-148 MYA, giving rise to the S. indicum group and diversifying into the S. japonicum group. 3) and 4) suggest the Schistosoma ancestor remaining in Africa diverged > 120 MYA, giving rise to the S. mansoni and S. haematobium groups. 1b showing the Asian origin as put forward by Rollinson et al. [6], Snyder and Loker [13]: 1) S. japonicum-like ancestor arises and diversifies in Asia. 2) Asian descendents of the ancestral schistosome move into Africa with the widespread mammal migration between 12-19 MYA. 3) and 4) the African schistosome diverges 1-4 MYA, giving rise to the S. mansoni and S. haematobium groups. At this time, the ancestors of the S. indicum group emerge and move to India again via the mass movement of large mammals (Figure adapted from [5]).

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