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Table 2 Overview of schistosomiasis surveys, stratified by survey year, diagnostic method, country and age group

From: Modelling age-heterogeneous Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni survey data via alignment factors

 

Age*

Survey year

Diagnostic

TOTAL

  

< 1980

1980-

1989

1990-

1999

2000-

2009

   

S. haema-tobium

     

UC

RS

 

   Burundi

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

   Eritrea

1

0.0 (4)

-

-

-

0.0 (4)

-

0.0 (4)

 

2

0.0 (1)

-

-

-

0.0 (1)

-

0.0 (1)

 

3

0.0 (2)

-

-

-

0.0 (2)

-

0.0 (2)

   Ethiopia

1

17.0 (7)

30.5 (6)

25.2 (18)

-

22.7 (10)

22.2 (17)

24.4 (31)

 

2

15.0 (6)

27.6 (5)

16.4 (12)

-

20.7 (11)

17.9 (6)

18.5 (23)

 

3

35.0 (3)

29.5 (4)

74.1 (1)

-

38.4 (5)

-

37.1 (8)

   Kenya

1

21.0 (65)

52.8 (15)

54.0 (30)

40.6 (2)

34.4 (109)

37.5 (3)

34.5 (112)

 

2

22.7 (6)

49.6 (7)

30.3 (3)

-

34.9 (15)

50.7 (1)

35.9 (16)

 

3

24.8 (7)

14.0 (25)

64.9 (2)

45.8 (6)

23.2 (40)

-

23.3 (40)

   Malawi

1

22.6 (2)

-

55.5 (40)

-

21.5 (6)

59.3 (36)

53.9 (42)

 

2

48.2 (7)

34.3 (8)

75.0 (1)

31.6 (5)

36.4 (17)

31.5 (1)

40.2 (21)

 

3

31.4 (1)

-

-

-

31.4 (1)

-

31.4 (1)

   Rwanda

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

   Somalia

1

39.4 (11)

-

-

-

39.4 (11)

-

39.4 (11)

 

2

55.5 (22)

87.1 (1)

-

-

56.9 (23)

-

56.9 (23)

 

3

53.1 (21)

-

-

-

53.1 (21)

-

53.1 (21)

   Sudan

1

5.2 (1)

45.3 (3)

-

-

31.2 (2)

-

35.2 (4)

 

2

-

1.8 (7)

-

53.0 (3)

10.7 (8)

-

17.2 (10)

 

3

1.8 (2)

20.6 (2)

-

-

20.6 (2)

-

11.2 (4)

   Tanzania

1

41.5 (48)

39.9 (173)

30.2 (12)

20.0 (84)

30.6 (173)

59.8 (73)

34.5 (317)

 

2

45.5 (41)

29.2 (9)

20.0 (8)

10.0 (2)

39.1 (47)

-

38.5 (60)

 

3

47.1 (16)

30.3 (3)

-

28.4 (3)

42.2 (20)

-

42.3 (22)

   Uganda

1

42.5 (2)

-

-

0.6 (36)

2.8 (38)

-

2.8 (38)

 

2

9.8 (14)

-

-

0.8 (3)

8.7 (16)

-

8.2 (17)

 

3

33.3 (2)

-

-

3.0 (2)

18.1 (4)

-

18.1 (4)

   Zambia

1

28.2 (22)

30.5 (11)

29.6 (32)

49.2 (4)

31.0 (38)

29.8 (31)

30.5 (69)

 

2

13.7 (30)

35.1 (6)

22.9 (5)

13.3 (1)

17.9 (42)

-

17.9 (42)

 

3

17.0 (3)

62.4 (3)

35.5 (1)

32.5 (3)

37.1 (10)

-

37.1 (10)

   TOTAL

1

28.8 (162)

40.1 (208)

42.4 (132)

15.7 (126)

28.6 (391)

49.4 (160)

32.8 (628)

 

2

33.1 (127)

31.0 (43)

22.0 (29)

25.2 (14)

30.5 (180)

26.7 (8)

30.6 (213)

 

3

40.3 (57)

21.3 (37)

59.8 (4)

33.1 (14)

34.2 (105)

-

33.8 (112)

S. mansoni

     

KK

SC

 

   Burundi

1

-

16.4 (12)

38.3 (3)

-

20.8 (15)

-

20.8 (15)

 

2

-

20.8 (19)

44.1 (2)

-

23.0 (21)

-

23.0 (21)

 

3

-

19.8 (8)

50.5 (2)

-

25.9 (10)

-

25.9 (10)

   Eritrea

1

12.5 (4)

-

-

-

-

12.5 (4)

12.5 (4)

 

2

10.0 (1)

-

-

-

-

10.0 (1)

10.0 (1)

 

3

41.7 (2)

-

-

-

-

41.7 (2)

41.7 (2)

   Ethiopia

1

2.7 (27)

25.0 (23)

28.0 (51)

33.0 (4)

30.1 (69)

6.9 (36)

22.2 (105)

 

2

25.7 (15)

18.6 (93)

18.4 (36)

41.8 (7)

18.8 (100)

23.2 (50)

20.3 (151)

 

3

4.6 (9)

16.0 (8)

21.1 (62)

36.3 (4)

26.4 (28)

16.0 (55)

19.5 (83)

   Kenya

1

18.6 (48)

72.8 (9)

74.3 (18)

53.8 (15)

68.4 (43)

8.7 (39)

41.0 (90)

 

2

49.2 (7)

75.2 (7)

36.0 (5)

33.3 (1)

65.4 (14)

28.1 (6)

54.2 (20)

 

3

30.7 (15)

71.7 (9)

23.6 (2)

-

69.8 (12)

22.5 (14)

44.3 (26)

   Malawi

1

19.4 (1)

37.5 (2)

20.3 (6)

-

30.8 (7)

0.4 (2)

24.0 (9)

 

2

17.9 (6)

36.8 (6)

-

-

35.3 (8)

-

27.3 (12)

 

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

25.9 (21)

   Rwanda

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

2

-

4.6 (4)

-

-

-

-

4.6 (4)

 

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

   Somalia

1

0.0 (3)

-

-

-

-

0.0 (3)

0.0 (3)

 

2

0.0 (2)

-

-

-

-

0.0 (2)

0.0 (2)

 

3

0.0 (3)

0.0 (2)

-

-

-

0.0 (5)

0.0 (5)

   Sudan

1

61.7 (4)

61.5 (4)

-

-

61.9 (6)

-

61.6 (8)

 

2

62.3 (4)

64.9 (8)

47.0 (1)

56.3 (3)

65.8 (15)

0.3 (1)

61.7 (16)

 

3

41.0 (2)

52.3 (4)

-

-

50.5 (5)

-

48.5 (6)

   Tanzania

1

20.3 (27)

25.3 (4)

30.8 (7)

8.9 (77)

39.6 (17)

21.7 (21)

13.5 (115)

 

2

22.2 (26)

12.0 (1)

25.6 (3)

38.6 (5)

46.4 (6)

26.3 (18)

24.8 (35)

 

3

27.3 (14)

11.6 (1)

44.1 (3)

44.4 (3)

49.8 (5)

27.3 (14)

31.4 (21)

   Uganda

1

48.0 (5)

48.7 (3)

14.5 (6)

22.1 (263)

22.2 (272)

48.0 (5)

22.7 (277)

 

2

24.2 (17)

56.3 (3)

66.7 (5)

40.8 (12)

49.6 (20)

20.9 (12)

37.9 (37)

 

3

41.7 (7)

47.8 (4)

45.0 (5)

55.8 (12)

50.5 (21)

47.0 (6)

48.3 (28)

   Zambia

1

2.9 (16)

5.7 (7)

71.0 (1)

33.2 (1)

36.1 (4)

4.3 (10)

7.7 (25)

 

2

8.4 (30)

0.0 (1)

-

41.7 (1)

41.7 (1)

8.1 (31)

9.2 (32)

 

3

5.0 (2)

9.5 (1)

60.1 (1)

33.5 (1)

34.4 (3)

5.0 (2)

22.6 (5)

   TOTAL

1

16.6 (135)

31.8 (64)

36.7 (92)

20.7 (360)

29.5 (433)

11.5 (120)

23.2 (651)

 

2

21.7 (108)

25.3 (142)

26.8 (52)

42.0 (29)

31.7 (185)

19.1 (121)

25.8 (331)

 

3

25.0 (54)

28.6 (243)

24.9 (75)

49.1 (20)

41.7 (84)

19.9 (98)

29.7 (186)

  1. Overall and country-specific mean observed prevalence data (expressed in %) are given, along with number of survey locations (in brackets) for both S. haematobium and S. mansoni.
  2. * 1, individuals aged ≤ 20 years; 2, individuals aged > 20 years; 3, entire communities
  3. UC, urine concentration by sedimentation, filtration or centrifugation; RS, reagent strips; KK, Kato-Katz thick smear method; SC, stool concentration methods. Results for surveys with missing diagnostic methods were omitted.