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Table 1 Toxicity of organophosphates and pyrethroids against field populations of Ae. albopictus

From: First report of field evolved resistance to agrochemicals in dengue mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), from Pakistan

Insecticide

Location

Time

LC50 (95% FL) (µg mL-1)

Slope ± SE

χ2

df

P

RR*

DR**

n***

Chlorpyrifos

Lab-PK

 

0.009 (0.002-0.013)

2.25 ± 0.31

0.69

5

0.98

1

_

280

 

Lahore

Mar. 2009

1.92 (1.27-4.95)

1.04 ± 0.25

5.73

6

0.46

156.6

_

320

  

Sep. 2009

2.61 (1.35-13.21)

0.59 ± 0.26

5.84

6

0.44

247.8

0.222

320

  

Mar. 2010

2.88 (1.27-15.44)

0.56 ± 0.25

3.95

6

0.68

242.2

0.030

320

  

Sep. 2010

3.36 (1.33-8.55)

0.67 ± 0.26

2.65

6

0.85

240

0.041

320

 

Faisalabad

Sep. 2008

2.08 (1.26-7.31)

0.66 ± 0.30

3.34

6

0.77

224.4

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

2.40 (1.39-18.57)

0.59 ± 0.27

5.51

6

0.48

266

0.010

320

  

Sep. 2009

1.71 (1.19-3.48)

0.93 ± 0.27

5.76

6

0.45

190

-0.014

320

  

Mar. 2010

2.00 (1.32-5.15)

0.84 ± 0.28

6.11

6

0.41

222

-0.003

320

  

Sep. 2010

2.12 (1.37-6.32)

0.81 ± 0.29

6.21

6

0.40

235.6

0.001

320

 

Sargodha

Sep. 2008

1.74 (1.15-4.29)

0.77 ± 0.25

6.51

6

0.37

193

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.89 (1.25-4.77)

0.81 ± 0.27

9.40

6

0.15

210

0.006

320

  

Sep. 2009

1.57 (1.15-2.76)

1.09 ± 0.27

11.3

6

0.08

174

-0.007

320

  

Mar. 2010

1.48 (1.16-2.23)

1.57 ± 0.35

9.45

6

0.15

164

-0.012

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.69 (1.24-3.00)

1.22 ± 0.32

10.3

6

0.11

187.8

-0.002

320

Profenofos

Lab-PK

 

0.02 (0.015-0.04)

2.41 ± 0.27

2.44

6

0.88

1

_

320

 

Lahore

Sep. 2008

0.56 (0.43-0.77)

1.25 ± 0.22

9.34

6

0.16

28

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.70 (0.53-1.04)

1.09 ± 0.31

5.24

5

0.39

35

0.016

280

  

Sep. 2009

0.73 (0.55-1.07)

1.10 ± 0.40

7.49

6

0.28

36.5

0.019

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.79 (0.59-1.23)

1.05 ± 0.23

5.90

6

0.43

39.5

0.025

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.82 (0.52-2.26)

0.62 ± 0.23

0.53

5

0.99

41

0.028

280

 

Faisalabad

Sep. 2008

0.80 (0.62-1.15)

1.17 ± 0.33

11.6

6

0.07

40

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.82 (0.64-1.18)

1.19 ± 0.24

3.90

6

0.69

41

0.001

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.98 (0.75-1.48)

1.11 ± 0.40

7.38

6

0.29

49

0.015

320

  

Mar. 2010

1.03 (0.77-1.62)

1.03 ± 0.37

8.62

6

0.17

51.5

0.018

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.71 (0.56-0.96)

1.31 ± 0.23

9.78

6

0.13

35.5

-0.009

320

 

Sargodha

Sep. 2008

0.49 (0.35-0.72)

0.97 ± 0.20

1.95

5

0.86

24

_

280

  

Mar. 2009

0.54 (0.42-0.73)

1.44 ± 0.23

9.09

6

0.17

27

0.007

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.68 (0.52-0.94)

1.23 ± 0.32

6.44

6

0.38

34

0.024

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.52 (0.35-0.84)

0.91 ± 0.25

2.08

5

0.84

26

0.004

280

  

Sep. 2010

0.55 (0.39-0.74)

1.23 ± 0.25

8.09

6

0.17

27.5

0.008

320

Triazofos

Lab-PK

 

0.036 (0.02-0.06)

2.39 ± 1.29

8.06

6

0.23

1

_

320

 

Lahore

Sep. 2008

1.80 (1.18-4.71)

0.75 ± 0.20

8.18

6

0.22

50

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.94 (1.28-4.99)

0.82 ± 0.19

11.8

6

0.07

53.9

0.005

320

  

Sep. 2009

1.49 (1.11-2.44)

1.16 ± 0.27

7.82

6

0.25

41.4

-0.014

320

  

Mar. 2010

1.62 (1.22-2.70)

1.36 ± 0.33

8.20

6

0.23

45

-0.008

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.80 (1.28-3.50)

1.12 ± 0.31

7.57

6

0.27

50

0

320

 

Faisalabad

Sep. 2008

2.26 (1.31-12.26)

0.58 ± 0.16

5.89

5

0.32

62.8

_

280

  

Mar. 2009

2.00 (1.29-6.08)

0.79 ± 0.29

10.0

5

0.08

55.6

-0.009

280

  

Sep. 2009

2.26 (1.38-11.23)

0.70 ± 0.29

6.29

5

0.28

62.8

0

280

  

Mar. 2010

2.26 (1.42-8.69)

0.81 ± 0.32

4.33

5

0.50

62.8

0

280

 

Sargodha

Sep. 2008

2.57 (0.55-4.51)

0.64 ± 0.29

4.73

6

0.58

71.4

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.96 (0.88-3.01)

0.81 ± 0.27

8.49

6

0.21

54.5

-0.019

320

  

Sep. 2009

1.72 (0.99-2.50)

1.04 ± 0.29

11.3

6

0.08

47.8

-0.029

320

  

Mar. 2010

1.74 (0.92-2.61)

0.86 ± 0.40

5.63

6

0.47

48.3

-0.028

320

  

Sep. 2010

2.18 (0.89-3.47)

0.87 ± 0.31

3.01

6

0.81

60.6

-0.012

320

Cypermethrin

Lab-PK

 

0.04 (0.02-0.09)

2.41 ± 0.45

5.96

6

0.43

1

_

320

 

Lahore

Sep. 2008

0.86 (0.66-1.29)

1.11 ± 0.23

8.62

6

0.20

21.5

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.71 (0.57-0.95)

1.40 ± 0.35

11.6

6

0.72

17.8

-0.014

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.63 (0.52-0.85)

1.46 ± 0.22

10.4

6

0.11

15.8

-0.023

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.89 (0.69-1.30)

1.16 ± 0.24

11.3

6

0.08

22.3

0.003

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.83 (0.64-1.15)

1.24 ± 0.42

6.43

6

0.38

20.8

-0.003

320

 

Faisalabad

Sep. 2008

1.02 (0.78-1.54)

1.11 ± 0.37

9.79

6

0.13

25.5

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.78 (0.55-1.00)

1.19 ± 0.43

6.56

6

0.36

19.5

-0.019

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.94 (0.54-1.34)

0.82 ± 0.22

4.21

6

0.65

23.5

-0.006

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.94 (0.60-1.27)

1.00 ± 0.30

6.29

6

0.39

23.5

-0.006

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.87 (0.53-1.21)

0.87 ± 0.23

4.03

5

0.55

21.8

-0.012

280

 

Sargodha

Sep. 2008

0.68 (0.52-0.83)

1.49 ± 0.41

9.15

6

0.17

17

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.58 (0.46-0.70)

1.55 ± 0.24

11.9

6

0.06

14.5

-0.012

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.69 (0.50-0.87)

1.26 ± 0.44

7.49

6

0.28

17.3

0.001

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.70 (0.55-0.86)

1.57 ± 0.52

8.37

6

0.21

17.5

0.002

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.66 (0.49-0.83)

1.35 ± 0.37

10.5

6

0.11

16.5

-0.002

320

Deltamethrin

Lab-PK

 

0.028 (0.02-0.04)

2.29 ± 0.24

3.39

6

0.76

1

_

320

 

Lahore

Sep. 2008

1.06 (0.74-1.34)

1.18 ± 0.18

4.08

6

0.67

37.9

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.22 (0.76-1.68)

0.98 ± 0.25

4.34

6

0.63

43.6

0.010

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.92 (0.61-1.23)

1.02 ± 0.23

4.49

6

0.61

32.9

-0.010

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.41 (0.262-5.61)

0.82 ± 0.13

0.55

4

0.97

14.6

-0.069

240

  

Sep. 2010

1.15 (0.57-1.74)

0.72 ± 0.16

2.25

5

0.81

41.1

0.006

280

 

Faisalabad

Sep. 2008

1.48 (0.82-2.14)

0.88 ± 0.21

4.12

6

0.66

52.8

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.35 (0.77-1.92)

0.92 ± 0.36

1.57

5

0.91

48.2

-0.007

280

  

Sep. 2009

1.16 (0.72-1.60)

0.95 ± 0.21

3.78

6

0.71

41.4

-0.018

320

  

Mar. 2010

1.27 (0.70-1.83)

0.82 ± 0.40

3.81

6

0.70

45.4

-0.011

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.31 (0.77-1.71)

1.04 ± 0.38

8.61

6

0.17

46.8

-0.009

320

 

Sargodha

Sep. 2008

0.70 (0.51-0.88)

1.33 ± 0.52

6.10

6

0.41

25

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.88 (0.63-1.13)

1.21 ± 0.28

5.52

6

0.48

31.4

0.017

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.63 (0.49-0.77)

1.66 ± 0.34

11.9

6

0.06

22.5

-0.008

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.68 (0.44-0.99)

0.99 ± 0.42

5.65

6

0.46

24.3

-0.002

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.68 (0.51-0.83)

1.44 ± 0.36

9.20

6

0.16

24.3

-0.002

320

Lambdacyh-alothrin

Lab-PK

 

0.02 (0.014-0.033)

2.32 ± 0.51

3.56

6

0.74

1

_

320

 

Lahore

Sep. 2008

0.91 (0.59-1.22)

1.00 ± 0.16

9.41

5

0.09

45.5

_

280

  

Mar. 2009

1.16 (0.72-1.60)

0.97 ± 0.24

8.61

5

0.13

58

0.018

280

  

Sep. 2009

0.91 (0.61-1.20)

1.10 ± 0.26

9.22

5

0.10

45.5

0

280

  

Mar. 2010

0.90 (0.56-1.23)

0.92 ± 0.28

8.24

5

0.14

45

-0.001

280

  

Sep. 2010

1.15 (0.63-1.66)

0.81 ± 0.18

6.58

5

0.25

57.5

0.017

280

 

Faisalabad

Sep. 2008

0.84 (0.57-1.11)

1.05 ± 0.20

9.28

6

0.16

42

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.65 (0.44-0.87)

1.10 ± 0.31

9.71

6

0.14

33

-0.018

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.83 (0.61-1.05)

1.28 ± 0.44

12.0

6

0.06

41.5

-0.001

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.81 (0.59-1.03)

1.27 ± 0.36

8.85

6

0.18

40.5

-0.003

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.78 (0.52-1.04)

1.03 ± 0.26

8.41

6

0.21

39

-0.005

320

 

Sargodha

Sep. 2008

0.42 (0.30-0.54)

1.42 ± 0.61

10.7

6

0.09

21

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.59 (0.46-0.72)

1.62 ± 0.46

10.1

6

0.12

29.5

0.025

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.64 (0.49-0.80)

1.56 ± 0.44

10.4

6

0.11

32

0.030

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.55 (0.43-0.68)

1.56 ± 0.48

8.10

6

0.23

27.5

0.020

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.65 (0.45-0.86)

1.09 ± 0.26

7.05

6

0.32

32.5

0.032

320

  1. *Resistance ratio = LC50 field population/LC50 of susceptible strain
  2. **Rate of increase or decrease in resistance, *** Number of larvae tested in a bioassay