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Table 3 Results from bivariate non-random and random effects multivariate logistic regression models for risk factors of specific intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in western Tajikistan, early 2009

From: Prevalence and risk factors of helminths and intestinal protozoa infections among children from primary schools in western Tajikistan

Explanatory variable

Giardia intestinalis

Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar

Hymenolepis nana

 

Bivariate model a

Multivariate model b

Bivariate model a

Multivariate model b

Bivariate model a

Multivariate model b

 

OR

(95% CI)

P-value c

OR

95% CI

P-value c

OR

(95% CI)

P-value c

OR

95% CI

P-value c

OR

95% CI

P-value c

OR

95% CI

P-value c

Demography

                  

   Sex

                  

Male

1.00

     

1.00

     

1.00

     

Female

0.97

(0.68, 1.40)

0.889

   

0.91

(0.64, 1.33)

0.652

   

1.27

(0.87, 1.86)

0.211

   

   Age (years)

                  

7-8

1.00

     

1.00

     

1.00

     

9

0.74

(0.46, 1.18)

    

0.73

(0.45, 1.17)

    

0.91

(0.56, 1.49)

    

10-11

0.79

(0.48, 1.30)

0.440

   

0.80

(0.48, 1.34)

0.421

   

0.80

(0.47, 1.36)

0.695

   

Socioeconomic status

                  

   Bottom 40%

1.00

     

1.00

     

1.00

  

1.00

  

   Middle 40%

1.00

(0.66, 1.51)

    

0.82

(0.55, 1.24)

    

0.58

(0.38, 0.90)

 

0.69

(0.42, 1.12)

 

   Top 20%

1.22

(0.75, 1.99)

0.680

   

0.55

(0.32, 0.93)

0.075

   

0.88

(0.53, 1.46)

0.046

1.06

(0.60, 1.87)

0.223

Weekly meat consumption

                  

   < 1 times per week

0.61

(0.40, 0.94)

0.022

0.70

(0.45, 1.09)

0.112

            

   3-4 times per week

            

0.66

(0.39, 1.12)

0.112

0.76

(0.43, 1.35)

0.125

   ≥5 times per week

      

0.57

(0.29, 1.12)

0.084

         

Livestock

                  

   No livestock

0.60

(0.30, 1.19)

0.130

0.51

(0.24, 1.11)

0.072

      

0.51

(0.24, 1.06)

0.056

   

   Bullock

1.60

(0.91, 2.83)

0.110

1.63

(0.87, 3.07)

0.131

0.64

(0.32, 1.26)

0.178

0.58

(0.27, 1.24)

0.143

0.58

(0.28, 1.19)

0.121

0.76

(0.35, 1.64)

0.169

   Horse/donkey

      

1.48

(0.99, 2.22)

0.056

         

   Goat

      

1.34

(0.89, 2.01)

0.170

         

   Sheep

0.71

(0.45, 1.14)

0.146

   

1.61

(1.05, 2.48)

0.030

   

0.73

(0.46, 1.17)

0.180

0.71

(0.43, 1.18)

0.089

   Poultry

      

1.54

(1.05, 2.25)

0.027

1.43

(0.95, 2.14)

0.089

1.95

(1.31, 2.90)

< 0.001

2.04

(1.34, 3.12)

0.001

Hygiene behaviour

                  

Washing hands after defecation

with soap

                  

Rarely/sometimes

1.00

     

1.00

     

1.00

     

Often/always

1.14

(0.95, 1.37)

0.160

   

1.15

(0.96, 1.39)

0.134

   

1.14

(0.94, 1.39)

0.182

   

   Eating unpeeled fruits

                  

Rarely/sometimes

      

1.00

  

1.00

        

Often/always

      

0.83

(0.68, 1.02)

0.073

0.86

(0.69, 1.07)

0.177

      

   Eating raw vegetables

                  

Rarely/sometimes

      

1.00

           

Often/always

      

1.43

(0.97, 2.12)

0.076

         

   Wearing sandals outside in summer

0.30

(0.11, 0.84)

0.024

               

Wearing closed shoes outside

in summer

3.39

(1.12, 10.25)

0.033

3.26

(1.01, 10.43)

0.047

            

Sanitation

                  

   Toilet in household

0.70

(0.47, 1.03)

0.077

   

0.76

(0.51, 1.14)

0.192

         

   Toilet in yard

1.47

(0.99, 2.19)

0.060

1.37

(0.88, 2.13)

0.163

1.33

(0.89, 1.98)

0.173

1.39

(0.89, 2.18)

0.149

      

Source of drinking water

                  

   Water tap in yard (shared with neighbours)

      

1.90

(0.95, 3.81)

0.079

         

   Public tap/standpipe

0.35

(0.12, 1.00)

0.027

0.27

(0.05, 1.39)

0.094

      

0.42

(0.16, 1.11)

0.056

0.37

(0.12, 1.13)

0.057

   Protected spring

      

0.52

(0.31, 0.88)

0.010

0.41

(0.23, 0.74)

0.002

0.42

(0.20, 0.88)

0.013

0.44

(0.20, 0.97)

0.020

   Surface water: river

      

1.57

(0.97, 2.52)

0.071

         

   Surface water: stream

      

0.35

(0.08, 1.53)

0.113

0.27

(0.06, 1.24)

0.054

      

   Surface water: river/stream

            

1.36

(0.86, 2.14)

0.195

   
  1. a Crude odds ratio
  2. b School-level random effect included
  3. c P-value based on likelihood ratio test (LRT
  4. * Outcome: G. intestinalis, E. histolytica/E. dispar and H. nana. Explanatory variables: demographic, socioeconomic, hygiene behaviour and sources of drinking water.