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Figure 5 | Parasites & Vectors

Figure 5

From: The immunopathology of canine vector-borne diseases

Figure 5

CD4+ T-cell subsets. There is increasing complexity in the network of functional CD4+ T-cell subsets. Under the influence of specific promoting cytokines (purple lettering) and transcription factors (not shown here), the naïve T cell may differentiate towards a functional subset promoting either cell-mediated and proinflammatory immunity (Th1, Th17 and Th9; black lettering), humoral immunity (Th2 and T follicular helper [TFh]; green lettering) or a suppressive response (induced Treg and Treg1; blue lettering). These subsets are not strongly polarized and there is considerable 'plasticity' in their actions, whereby one cell type can be reprogrammed to another at a different stage of the immune response. This is readily seen by the ability of multiple of the subsets to produce the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. The natural Treg appear separately, as this committed lineage leaves the thymus directly and is responsible for the control of allergen- and autoantigen-specific lymphocytes.

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