Table 4 Bivariate and adjusted association of Schistosoma haematobium by risk factors among subjects recruited in the household survey, SK, Sudan 2009
Variable | Crude | Adjusted | |
|---|---|---|---|
OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | ||
Location | Urban | 1 | Removed |
Rural | 1.85 (1.09-3.12) | ||
Geographic part within the State | Middle | - | - |
Eastern | 1 | 1 | |
Western | 4.24 (2.5-7.1) | 3.83 (2.28-6.42) | |
Relation in the Family | Father | 1 | Removed |
Mother | 3.07 (1.44-6.54) | ||
Suns | 2.04 (0.93-4.50) | ||
Daughter | 1.70 (0.79-3.64) | ||
Relative | 1.60 (0.75-3.43) | ||
Gender | Female | 1 | 1 |
Male | 0.58 (0.38-0.87) | 0.61 (0.40-1.94) | |
Age | ≤ 20 yrs | 1 | Not included |
21-40 yrs | 0.84 (0.54-1.30) | ||
>40 yrs | 1.10 (0.69-1.69) | ||
Education | Above primary | 1 | Removed |
Primary | 3.07 (1.29-7.32) | ||
Illiterate | 3.29 (1.42-7.64) | ||
Occupation | Other | 1 | Removed |
Unemployed/Housewife | 2.26 (1.20-4.26) | ||
Farmer | 3.34 (1.76-6.33) | ||
Source of water | Closed (pipe/Pump) | 1 | Removed |
Open | 1.43 (0.99-2.05) | ||
Latrines | Available | 1 | Not included |
Not available | 1.18 (0.82-1.70) | ||
Latrine use | Preferred | 1 | 1 |
Not preferred | 1.51 (1.05-2.18) | 1.63 (1.11-2.41) | |
Distance from home to nearest open water source | ≥ 1 Km | 1 | Removed |
< 1 Km | 1.09 (1.07-1.10) | ||
Household utilization of open water sources | No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 5.13 (2.58-10.19) | 2.10 (1.03-4.28) | |
Personal utilization (Bath/swim) of open water sources | No | 1 | Removed |
Yes | 3.96 (1.99-7.88) | ||
Health facility in the same village | Present | 1 | Removed |
Absent | 1.62 (1.12-2.32) | ||
History of Schistosomiasis treatment | No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 3.72 (1.97-7.04) | 4.19 (2.10-8.37) |