Proteinases as virulence factors in Leishmania spp. infection in mammals

Silva-Almeida, Mariana; Pereira, Bernardo Acácio Santini; Ribeiro-Guimarães, Michelle Lopes; Alves, Carlos Roberto

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-160

Parasites & Vectors

Table 1 Immunological actions of proteinases on the mammalian immune system that drive clinical manifestations of Leishmaniases

From: Proteinases as virulence factors in Leishmania spp. infection in mammals

Proteinase classes		*Leishmania* species	Activities on mammalian host	References
Cysteine proteinase	CPA	L. (L.) infantum	Related to the ability to infect mammalian hosts cells in vitro;	[33]
	CPB	L. (L.) mexicana	Associated with a Th2 profile in BALB/c mice: inducing lesions; IL-4 and IL-5 production; inhibition of IL-12 production by cleaving NF-κB; inhibition of NO production by cleaving the STAT-1 and AP-1 transcription factors.	[34–42]
		L. (L.) mexicana	Associated with a Th1 profile in C3HeB/FeJ and C57BL/6 mice: expression of Th1-associated cytokines;	[34–42]
		L. (L.) amazonensis	Associated with the cleavage of MHC class II gene products in mice;	[43–46]
			Epitopes from CPB COOH-terminal extension modulate infection in BALB/c and CBA mice: induce Th1 or Th2-related cytokines; stimulate CD8+ T lymphocytes;
			Endogenous CP inhibitors are related with immune modulation
		L. (L.) major	Associated with a Th1 profile and reduction of IFN-γ expression in C3HeB/FeJ mice;	[37]
		L. (L.) pifanoi	Reduces the percentage of infected murine macrophages when parasites are treated with an anti-C-terminal extension antibody	[47]
		L. (L.) chagasi	Associated with Th1 profile in asymptomatic patients and IFN-γ production in cell cultures;	[48]
		L. (L.) chagasi	Related to Th1 and Th2 profiles in cells from symptomatic human patients and dogs: IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 production in cell cultures;	[48]
	CPC	L. (L.) mexicana	Contributes to resisting killing by macrophages	[49–51]
	CPC	L. (L.) chagasi	Induces TGF-β expression in human cell culture	[52]
Metallo-proteinases	M8	Leishmania spp.	Related to the hydrolysis and inactivation of immunoglobulin G; Inactivation of C3b factor to complement C3bi; Adhesion and internalization in macrophages; downregulation of gp63 expression induces Th1 profile in mice; cleave NF-κB and prevent expression of IL-12 and iNOS in mice	[53–56]
		L. (L.) major	Associated with human NK cells proliferation and cleavage CD4 glycoprotein on human T cells in culture.	[57, 58]
		L. (L.) mexicana	In murine bone marrow macrophages, interferes with signaling cascades and affects transcription factors by cleaving c-Jun, the central component of AP-1, alters signaling through cleavage-activated protein tyrosine phosphatases in murine macrophages	[59]
Serine proteinases	OPB	L. (L.) donovani	Allows parasites to infect the murine macrophage	[60, 61]
Serine proteinases	OPB	L. (L.) major	Related to maintenance of murine macrophage infection	[62]

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ISSN: 1756-3305

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