Figure 1
I. scapularis saliva mitigates LPS-mediated cytokine secretion by murine macrophages. BMDMs (8×105) from C57BL/6 mice were stimulated with LPS (500 ng/ml) for 18 hours, in the presence or absence of indicated dilutions of tick saliva. (A) TNF-α and (B) IL-12p40 were measured by ELISA. Tick saliva was added 2 hours before stimulation. Responses were measured in triplicate and presented as mean ± SEM within the representative experiment. Experiments were repeated three times. *P < .05, One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Bonferroni; (−) non-stimulated cells. NS – not significant.