Impact of three years of large scale Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) interventions on insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Benin

Table 1 Species identification, molecular forms, kdr and ace-1^Rfrequencies in An.gambiae s.l. collected by HLC

			Species	Molecular forms	*kdr* mutation (M form)				*ace.1*^R mutation (M form)
Localities	Years	N	Ag	M form	RR	RS	SS	*kdr* f	RR	RS	SS	*ace.1* ^R f
Control IRS	2007	22	22	22	20	2	0	0.95^a	0	0	22	0^a
	2009	21	21	21	18	3	0	0.92^a	0	0	21	0^a
	2010	39	39	39	35	04	0	0.95^a	0	5	34	0.06^a
Adjohoun IRS	2007	74	74	74	28	34	12	0.61^a	0	0	74	0^a
	2009	122	122	122	48	56	18	0.62^a	0	0	122	0^a
	2010	24	24	24	21	3	0	0.94^b	0	0	24	0^a
Dangbo IRS	2007	150	150	150	85	59	6	0.76^a	0	0	150	0^a
	2009	263	263	263	133	115	15	0.72^a	0	0	263	0^a
	2010	68	68	68	65	3	0	0.98^b	0	4	64	0.03^b
Misserete IRS	2007	89	89	89	58	31	0	0.83^a	0	0	89	0^a
	2009	129	129	129	86	35	8	0.80^a	0	0	129	0^a
	2010	46	46	46	43	3	0	0.97^b	0	2	44	0.02^b
Sèmè IRS	2007	122	122	122	109	1	12	0.90^a	0	0	122	0^a
	2009	190	190	190	143	17	30	0.80^b	0	0	190	0^a
	2010	22	22	22	19	3	0	0.93^a	0	6	16	0.13^b
Control LLIN	2007	150	150	150	110	40	0	0.87^a	0	0	150	0^a
	2009	101	101	101	90	11	0	0.95^b	0	0	101	0^a
	2010	43	43	43	38	5	0	0.94^b	0	0	43	0^a
Adjohoun LLIN	2007	52	52	52	14	30	8	0.56^a	0	0	52	0^a
	2009	24	24	24	8	16	0	0.67^a	0	0	24	0^a
	2010	17	17	17	15	2	0	0.94^b	0	0	17	0^a
Dangbo LLIN	2007	124	124	124	66	54	4	0.75^a	0	0	124	0^a
	2009	96	96	96	50	40	6	0.73^a	0	0	96	0^a
	2010	58	58	58	55	3	0	0.97^b	0	3	55	0.02^a
Sèmè LLIN	2007	72	72	72	60	0	12	0.83^a	0	0	72	0^a
	2009	44	44	44	31	12	1	0.84^a	0	0	44	0^a
	2010	7	7	7	7	0	0	1^a	0	0	7	0^a

Ag: An. gambiae; kdr f: kdr frequency; ace.1 ^R f: ace.1 ^R frequency. Numbers in the same column sharing the same superscript do not differ significantly (p > 0, 05)

ISSN: 1756-3305