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Table 4 Results of Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests on prevalence values for each STH species, between GRUMP-UE defined urban (U) and rural (R) survey pairs

From: The global limits and population at risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections in 2010

  

Number of pairs

Total

U ≥ R

U < R

p j

Global a

     

 Hookworm

 

57

22

35

<0.001

 A. lumbricoides

 

57

32

25

0.5

 T. trichiura

 

57

26

31

0.5

By urban sanitation coverage b

 Hookworm

<30% c

10

5

5

0.8

 

30-50% d

39

14

25

<0.001

 

>50% e

8

3

5

0.06

 A. lumbricoides

<30% c

10

3

7

0.3

 

30-50% d

39

25

14

0.9

 

>50% e

8

3

4

0.6

 T. trichiura

<30% c

10

4

6

0.5

 

30-50% d

39

18

21

0.6

 

>50% e

8

3

4

0.7

By GINI coefficient f

 Hookworm

<30% g

14

6

8

0.1

 

30-50% h

37

12

22

0.005

 

>50% i

6

1

5

0.05

 A. lumbricoides

<30%

14

8

6

0.5

 

30-50% h

37

22

15

0.5

 

>50% i

6

2

4

0.1

 T. trichiura

<30% g

14

5

9

0.9

 

30-50% h

37

18

19

0.4

 

>50% i

6

3

3

0.5

  1. a Matched pair data are available for 50 cities in Africa, two cities in Asia and three cities in Latin America.
  2. b Urban sanitation coverage refers to the percentage of urban population with at least adequate access to sanitation (protected pit latrines and upwards) in 2008. Source: World Bank Databank.
  3. c Includes cities in Burundi (1) and Ethiopia (12).
  4. d Include cities in Argentina (1), Burkina Faso (1), Gambia (2), Ghana (4), India (1), Kenya (1), Liberia (5), Mali (11) Nepal (1), Nigeria (2), Sierra Leone (1), Tanzania (1), Uganda (5) and Zambia (1).
  5. e Includes cities in Argentina (1), Brazil (1), Gambia (2), Honduras (3) and Zambia (1).
  6. f GINI coefficient is an indicator of the distribution of income within society with 0% representing perfect equality and 100% perfect inequality. Source: the World Bank databank (http://data.worldbank.org/).
  7. g Includes cities in Ghana (4) Liberia (1) and Sierra Leone (1).
  8. h Include cities in Burkina Faso (1), Burundi (2), Ethiopia (12), India (1), Kenya (1), Mali (11), Nepal (1), Nigeria (2), Rwanda (2), Tanzania (1) and Uganda (5).
  9. i Includes cities in Brazil (1), Honduras (3) and Rwanda (2).
  10. j Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests.