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Figure 5 | Parasites & Vectors

Figure 5

From: Prostaglandin E2 in tick saliva regulates macrophage cell migration and cytokine profile

Figure 5

Tick saliva increases IL-1β secretion by macrophages. IL-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by activated macrophages. Cells were treated with vehicle (PBS) or saliva (1.2 or 3.6 μg protein/ml) and then stimulated for 18 h with 0.76 μg/ml LPS. The cells were then pulsed with 5 mM ATP for 20 min and cultured for an additional 3 h. Surprisingly, saliva dose-dependently increased IL-1β secretion but significance (p < 0.05) was achieved at 3.6 μg protein/ml, (#) p < 0.05 when compared to vehicle. Data are means ± SEM, n = 3 assayed in duplicate.

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