Table 5 Univariate analysis of factors associated with hookworm infection among Orang Asli children in Lipis, Pahang (n = 484)
Variables | Hookworm infection | OR(95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
No. examined | Infected | |||
n (%) | ||||
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
School-age | 293 | 69 (23.5) | 3.4 (1.9, 6.0) | < 0.00* |
Pre-school-age | 191 | 16 (8.4) | 1 | Â |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 249 | 49 (19.7) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.2) | 0.208 |
Female | 235 | 36 (15.3) | 1 | Â |
Father’s educational levels | ||||
Non educated (< 6 years) | 159 | 30 (18.9) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.9) | 0.591 |
Educated (≥ 6 years) | 314 | 53 (16.9) | 1 |  |
Mother’s educational levels | ||||
Non educated (< 6 years) | 233 | 43 (18.5) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.8) | 0.565 |
Educated (≥ 6 years) | 249 | 41 (16.5) | 1 |  |
Father’s employment status | ||||
Not working | 360 | 63 (17.5) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 0.961 |
Working | 113 | 20 (17.7) | 1 | Â |
Mother’s employment status | ||||
Not working | 463 | 83 (17.9) | 0.3 (0.1, 1.9) | 0.154 |
Working | 19 | 1 (5.3) | 1 | Â |
Household monthly income | ||||
< RM500 | 322 | 54 (16.8) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.519 |
≥ RM500 | 162 | 31 (19.1) | 1 |  |
Family size | Â | Â | Â | Â |
≥ 7 members (large) | 298 | 53 (17.8) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.870 |
< 7 members | 186 | 32 (17.2) | 1 | Â |
Presence of toilet in house | ||||
No | 218 | 51 (23.4) | 2.1 (1.3, 3.4) | 0.002* |
Yes | 266 | 34 (12.8) | 1 |  |
Presence of domestic animals | ||||
Yes | 363 | 67 (18.5) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) | 0.370 |
No | 121 | 18 (14.9) | 1 |  |
Source of drinking water | ||||
Unsafe source (river, rain) | 236 | 49 (20.8) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.5) | 0.071 |
Safe source (pipe) | 248 | 36 (14.5) | 1 |  |
Washing hands before eating | ||||
No | 279 | 61 (21.9) | 2.1 (1.3, 3.5) | 0.004* |
Yes | 205 | 24 (11.7) | 1 | Â |
Washing hands after defecation | ||||
No | 191 | 32 (16.8) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.706 |
Yes | 293 | 53 (18.1) | 1 | Â |
Indiscriminate defecation | ||||
Yes | 323 | 67 (20.7) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.6) | 0.009* |
No | 161 | 18 (11.2) | 1 | Â |
Eating soil habit (Geophagy) | ||||
Yes | 120 | 25 (20.8) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 0.277 |
No | 364 | 60 (16.5) | 1 | Â |
Cutting nails periodically | ||||
No | 235 | 37 (15.7) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 0.307 |
Yes | 249 | 48 (19.3) | 1 | Â |
Wearing shoes when outside | ||||
No | 191 | 38 (19.9) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) | 0.276 |
Yes | 293 | 47 (16.0) | 1 | Â |
Washing fruits before eating | ||||
No | 268 | 46 (17.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.798 |
Yes | 216 | 39 (18.1) | 1 | Â |
Washing vegetables before eating | ||||
No | 156 | 21 (13.5) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.102 |
Yes | 328 | 64 (19.5) | 1 | Â |
Boiling water before drinking | ||||
No | 151 | 34 (22.5) | 1.6 (0.99, 2.6) | 0.054 |
Yes | 333 | 51 (15.3) | 1 | Â |