| Proto-Malay (n = 150) | Negrito (n = 139) | Senoi (n = 211) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Variables | No. examined | Infected (%) | OR | p-value | No. examined | Infected (%) | OR | p-value | No. examined | Infected (%) | OR | p-value |
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||||||||||
Age (years) | ||||||||||||
 <15 | 59 | 16.9 | 1.65 (0.64,4.26) | 0.294 | 72 | 22.2 | 1.08 (0.48,2.43) | 0.849 | 90 | 26.7 | 1.21 (0.64,2.67) | 0.557 |
 ≥15 | 91 | 11.0 | 1 |  | 67 | 20.9 | 1 |  | 121 | 23.1 | 1 | |
Gender | ||||||||||||
 Female | 84 | 14.3 | 1.21 (0.46,3.15) | 0.699 | 73 | 21.9 | 1.04 (0.46,2.34) | 0.920 | 124 | 26.6 | 1.30 (0.68,2.48) | 0.428 |
 Male | 66 | 12.1 | 1 |  | 66 | 21.2 | 1 |  | 87 | 21.8 | 1 | |
Drinking untreated water | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 9 | 44.4 | 6.25 (1.52,25.70) | 0.019a,b | 79 | 28.0 | 2.79 (1.10,7.03) | 0.026a,b | 144 | 29.2 | 2.35 (1.10,5.03) | 0.025a,b |
 No | 141 | 11.3 | 1 |  | 60 | 12.3 | 1 |  | 67 | 14.9 | 1 | |
Bathing and washing in the river | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 7 | 14.3 | 1.09 (0.12,9.54) | 0.939 | 63 | 28.6 | 2.13 (0.94,4.86) | 0.068 | 73 | 20.5 | 0.71 (0.36,1.40) | 0.315 |
 No | 143 | 13.3 | 1 |  | 76 | 15.8 | 1 |  | 138 | 26.8 | 1 | |
Not washing hands after playing with soil or gardening | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 27 | 11.5 | 0.82 (0.22,3.04) | 0.767 | 91 | 22.0 | 1.07 (0.46,2.52) | 0.876 | 79 | 32.9 | 2.00 (1.06,3.78) | 0.031a |
 No | 123 | 13.7 | 1 |  | 48 | 20.8 | 1 |  | 132 | 19.7 | 1 | |
Presence of domestic animals | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 120 | 14.2 | 1.49 (0.41,5.44) | 0.548 | 70 | 16.7 | 0.61 (0.26,1.45) | 0.261 | 119 | 27.7 | 1.45 (0.77,2.81) | 0.237 |
 No | 30 | 10.0 | 1 |  | 69 | 24.7 | 1 |  | 92 | 20.7 | 1 | |
Indiscriminate defecation | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 7 | 14.3 | 1.09 (0.12,9.54) | 0.939 | 91 | 23.1 | 1.30 (0.54,3.11) | 0.555 | 94 | 23.4 | 0.89 (0.47,1.67) | 0.708 |
 No | 143 | 13.3 | 1 |  | 48 | 18.8 | 1 |  | 117 | 25.6 | 1 | |
Sewage disposal | ||||||||||||
 Outdoor | 21 | 9.5 | 0.65 (0.14,3.03) | 0.580 | 106 | 21.7 | 1.03 (0.40,2.67) | 0.953 | 113 | 24.8 | 1.02 (0.54,1.90) | 0.961 |
 Common drainage | 129 | 14.0 | 1 |  | 33 | 21.2 | 1 |  | 98 | 24.5 | 1 | |
Eating with hands | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 70 | 12.0 | 0.79 (0.31,2.04) | 0.631 | 105 | 22.4 | 1.25 (0.46,3.40) | 0.657 | 153 | 22.6 | 0.67 (0.34,1.32) | 0.247 |
 No | 80 | 14.7 | 1 |  | 34 | 18.8 | 1 |  | 58 | 30.4 | 1 | |
Consuming raw vegetables | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 63 | 12.7 | 0.91 (0.35,2.37) | 0.846 | 113 | 24.6 | 3.74 (0.83,16.89) | 0.068 | 62 | 23.1 | 0.88 (0.46,1.76) | 0.724 |
 No | 87 | 13.8 | 1 |  | 26 | 8.0 | 1 |  | 149 | 25.3 | 1 | |
Eating fresh fruits | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 129 | 14.7 | 3.46 (0.44,27.28) | 0.213 | 122 | 19.7 | 0.45 (0.15,1.34) | 0.142 | 144 | 21.0 | 0.62 (0.33,1.17) | 0.139 |
 No | 21 | 4.8 | 1 |  | 17 | 35.3 | 1 |  | 67 | 29.9 | 1 | |
Father’s education | ||||||||||||
 Non-educated (<6 yrs) | 54 | 14.8 | 1.00 (0.27,3.67) | 1.000 | 68 | 26.5 | 2.04 (0.53,7.79) | 0.290 | 100 | 28.0 | 1.33 (0.52,3.44) | 0.551 |
 Educated (>6 yrs) | 27 | 14.8 | 1 |  | 20 | 15.0 | 1 |  | 31 | 22.6 | 1 | |
Mother’s education | ||||||||||||
 Non-educated (<6 yrs) | 53 | 18.9 | 3.02 (0.61,14.89) | 0.158 | 77 | 22.1 | 0.50 (0.13,1.90) | 0.298 | 102 | 30.4 | 2.73 (0.88,8.50) | 0.075 |
 Educated (>6 yrs) | 28 | 7.1 | 1 |  | 11 | 36.4 | 1 |  | 29 | 13.8 | 1 | |
Working mothers | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 45 | 15.6 | 1.14 (0.33,3.95) | 0.834 | 33 | 25.8 | 1.18 (0.43,3.25) | 0.753 | 75 | 28.0 | 1.17 (0.53,2.56) | 0.701 |
 No | 36 | 13.9 | 1 |  | 55 | 22.8 | 1 |  | 56 | 25.0 | 1 | |
Household members | ||||||||||||
 ≥8 | 32 | 12.5 | 0.91 (0.28,2.94) | 0.876 | 63 | 25.4 | 1.51 (0.67,3.39) | 0.320 | 76 | 22.4 | 0.82 (0.42,1.60) | 0.565 |
 <8 | 118 | 13.6 | 1 |  | 76 | 18.4 | 1 |  | 135 | 25.9 | 1 | |
Household monthly income | ||||||||||||
 <RM500 | 17 | 17.6 | 1.46 (0.38,5.62) | 0.578 | 115 | 24.3 | 3.54 (0.78,16.01) | 0.083 | 128 | 23.4 | 0.85 (0.45,1.60) | 0.613 |
 >RM500 | 133 | 12.8 | 1 |  | 24 | 8.3 | 1 |  | 83 | 26.5 | 1 | |
Other family members infected with Blastocystis | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 18 | 61.1 | 21.48 (6.70,68.82) | <0.001a,b | 33 | 48.5 | 6.19 (2.55,14.98) | <0.001a,b | 65 | 49.2 | 6.11 (3.10,12.03) | <0.001a,b |
 No | 132 | 6.8 | 1 |  | 106 | 13.2 | 1 |  | 146 | 13.7 | 1 |