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Table 4 Associations between Blastocystis infection and risk factors among different Orang Asli tribes

From: Blastocystis infection in Malaysia: Evidence of waterborne and human-to-human transmissions among the Proto-Malay, Negrito and Senoi tribes of Orang Asli

 

Proto-Malay (n = 150)

Negrito (n = 139)

Senoi (n = 211)

 Variables

No. examined

Infected (%)

OR

p-value

No. examined

Infected (%)

OR

p-value

No. examined

Infected (%)

OR

p-value

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

Age (years)

 <15

59

16.9

1.65 (0.64,4.26)

0.294

72

22.2

1.08 (0.48,2.43)

0.849

90

26.7

1.21 (0.64,2.67)

0.557

 ≥15

91

11.0

1

 

67

20.9

1

 

121

23.1

1

Gender

 Female

84

14.3

1.21 (0.46,3.15)

0.699

73

21.9

1.04 (0.46,2.34)

0.920

124

26.6

1.30 (0.68,2.48)

0.428

 Male

66

12.1

1

 

66

21.2

1

 

87

21.8

1

Drinking untreated water

 Yes

9

44.4

6.25 (1.52,25.70)

0.019a,b

79

28.0

2.79 (1.10,7.03)

0.026a,b

144

29.2

2.35 (1.10,5.03)

0.025a,b

 No

141

11.3

1

 

60

12.3

1

 

67

14.9

1

Bathing and washing in the river

 Yes

7

14.3

1.09 (0.12,9.54)

0.939

63

28.6

2.13 (0.94,4.86)

0.068

73

20.5

0.71 (0.36,1.40)

0.315

 No

143

13.3

1

 

76

15.8

1

 

138

26.8

1

Not washing hands after playing with soil or gardening

 Yes

27

11.5

0.82 (0.22,3.04)

0.767

91

22.0

1.07 (0.46,2.52)

0.876

79

32.9

2.00 (1.06,3.78)

0.031a

 No

123

13.7

1

 

48

20.8

1

 

132

19.7

1

Presence of domestic animals

 Yes

120

14.2

1.49 (0.41,5.44)

0.548

70

16.7

0.61 (0.26,1.45)

0.261

119

27.7

1.45 (0.77,2.81)

0.237

 No

30

10.0

1

 

69

24.7

1

 

92

20.7

1

Indiscriminate defecation

 Yes

7

14.3

1.09 (0.12,9.54)

0.939

91

23.1

1.30 (0.54,3.11)

0.555

94

23.4

0.89 (0.47,1.67)

0.708

 No

143

13.3

1

 

48

18.8

1

 

117

25.6

1

Sewage disposal

 Outdoor

21

9.5

0.65 (0.14,3.03)

0.580

106

21.7

1.03 (0.40,2.67)

0.953

113

24.8

1.02 (0.54,1.90)

0.961

 Common drainage

129

14.0

1

 

33

21.2

1

 

98

24.5

1

Eating with hands

 Yes

70

12.0

0.79 (0.31,2.04)

0.631

105

22.4

1.25 (0.46,3.40)

0.657

153

22.6

0.67 (0.34,1.32)

0.247

 No

80

14.7

1

 

34

18.8

1

 

58

30.4

1

Consuming raw vegetables

 Yes

63

12.7

0.91 (0.35,2.37)

0.846

113

24.6

3.74 (0.83,16.89)

0.068

62

23.1

0.88 (0.46,1.76)

0.724

 No

87

13.8

1

 

26

8.0

1

 

149

25.3

1

Eating fresh fruits

 Yes

129

14.7

3.46 (0.44,27.28)

0.213

122

19.7

0.45 (0.15,1.34)

0.142

144

21.0

0.62 (0.33,1.17)

0.139

 No

21

4.8

1

 

17

35.3

1

 

67

29.9

1

Father’s education

 Non-educated (<6 yrs)

54

14.8

1.00 (0.27,3.67)

1.000

68

26.5

2.04 (0.53,7.79)

0.290

100

28.0

1.33 (0.52,3.44)

0.551

 Educated (>6 yrs)

27

14.8

1

 

20

15.0

1

 

31

22.6

1

Mother’s education

 Non-educated (<6 yrs)

53

18.9

3.02 (0.61,14.89)

0.158

77

22.1

0.50 (0.13,1.90)

0.298

102

30.4

2.73 (0.88,8.50)

0.075

 Educated (>6 yrs)

28

7.1

1

 

11

36.4

1

 

29

13.8

1

Working mothers

 Yes

45

15.6

1.14 (0.33,3.95)

0.834

33

25.8

1.18 (0.43,3.25)

0.753

75

28.0

1.17 (0.53,2.56)

0.701

 No

36

13.9

1

 

55

22.8

1

 

56

25.0

1

Household members

 ≥8

32

12.5

0.91 (0.28,2.94)

0.876

63

25.4

1.51 (0.67,3.39)

0.320

76

22.4

0.82 (0.42,1.60)

0.565

 <8

118

13.6

1

 

76

18.4

1

 

135

25.9

1

Household monthly income

 <RM500

17

17.6

1.46 (0.38,5.62)

0.578

115

24.3

3.54 (0.78,16.01)

0.083

128

23.4

0.85 (0.45,1.60)

0.613

 >RM500

133

12.8

1

 

24

8.3

1

 

83

26.5

1

Other family members infected with Blastocystis

 Yes

18

61.1

21.48 (6.70,68.82)

<0.001a,b

33

48.5

6.19 (2.55,14.98)

<0.001a,b

65

49.2

6.11 (3.10,12.03)

<0.001a,b

 No

132

6.8

1

 

106

13.2

1

 

146

13.7

1

  1. RM = Malaysian Ringgit; (US$100 = RM307.85) [1st February 2013].
  2. Reference group marked as OR = 1 [OR = Odds Ratio].
  3. CI = Confidence interval.
  4. a Significant association (p < 0.05).
  5. b Variables were confirmed by multivariate analysis as significant risk factors.