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Table 4 The interrelationship of infection between TB and parasitic diseases

From: Co-infection of tuberculosis and parasitic diseases in humans: a systematic review

Country

Year of report

Parasitic disease

 

PTB (+)

PTB (−)

RRrow(95% CI)

P-value

No. of reference

Sudan

2004

Leishmania donovani

+

77

175

1.73 (1.14-2.62)

 

[31]

   

_

23

107

1.00

  
  

RR col (95% CI)

 

1.24 (1.08-1.43)

1.00

 

0.0067

 

Ethiopia

2006

Intestinal parasites

+

32

202

1.10 (0.74-1.63)

 

[32]

   

_

68

480

1.00

  
  

RR col (95% CI)

 

1.08 (0.79-1.47)

1.00

 

0.6272

 
  

Helminths

+

16

139

0.77 (0.46-1.28)

  
   

_

84

543

1.00

  
  

RR col (95% CI)

 

0.78 (0.49-1.26)

1.00

 

0.3047

 
  

Ascaris lumbricoides

+

5

83

0.42 (0.17-0.99)

  
   

_

95

599

1.00

  
  

RR col (95% CI)

 

0.41 (0.17-0.99)

1.00

 

0.0341

 
  

Giardia lamblia

+

15

55

1.80 (1.10-2.93)

  
   

_

85

627

1.00

  
  

RR col (95% CI)

 

1.86 (1.09-3.16)

1.00

 

0.0233

 
  

Entamoeba histolytica

+

10

40

1.63 (0.90-2.93)

  
   

_

90

642

1.00

  
  

RR col (95% CI)

 

1.70 (0.88-3.30)

1.00

 

0.1145

 
  

Hookworm

+

6

30

1.32 (0.62-2.81)

  
   

_

94

652

1.00

  
  

RR col (95% CI)

 

1.36 (0.58-3.19)

1.00

 

0.4451*

 
  

Taenia species

+

2

23

0.62 (0.16-2.36)

  
   

_

98

659

1.00

  
  

RR col (95% CI)

 

0.59 (0.14-2.48)

1.00

 

0.7594*

 
  

Strongyloides stercoralis

+

5

8

3.11 (1.53-6.35)

  
   

_

95

674

1.00

  
  

RR col (95% CI)

 

4.26 (1.42-12.77)

1.00

 

0.0172*

 
  

Trichuris trichiura

+

1

7

0.98 (0.15-6.17)

  
   

_

99

675

1.00

  
  

RR col (95% CI)

 

0.97 (0.12-7.84)

1.00

 

1.0000*

 
  1. +: infected; -: noninfected; *: Fisher’s exact test; Abbreviation: PTB = pulmonary tuberculosis; RR = risk ratio; CI = confidence interval.