Figure 2From: An experimental test of the effects of behavioral and immunological defenses against vectors: do they interact to protect birds from blood parasites?Pigeon with a backpack, held in place by elastic straps around the wings. Mesh netting on the bottom allowed flies to feed on the pigeon’s back, from which the feathers had been removed [26]. Pigeons could not damage or remove flies in the backpack by preening.Back to article page