Table 1 Overview of parasitic helminths found in Dutch red fox
From: Increase in number of helminth species from Dutch red foxes over a 35-year period
|  | Males(n = 73) | Females(n = 63) | Overall(n = 136) | Means of infection | Method | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intestinal nematodes | % | n | % | n | % | n | Â | Â |
1. Toxocara canis1 | 71.2 | 52 | 49.2 | 31 | 61.0 | 83 | worm eggs, paratenic hosts | D, CSF |
2. Toxascaris leonina | 1.4 | 1 | 3.2 | 2 | 2.2 | 3 | worm eggs, paratenic hosts | CSF |
3. Trichuris vulpis2 | 20.5 | 15 | 12.7 | 8 | 16.9 | 23 | worm eggs | CSF |
4. Uncinaria stenocephala | 60.3 | 44 | 47.6 | 30 | 54.4 | 74 | free larvae, paratenic hots | CSF, MS |
5. Strongyloides sp. | 9.6 | 7 | 20.6 | 13 | 14.7 | 20 | free larvae | CSF, MS |
Other nematodes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
6. Eucoleus aerophilus (n = 96) | 71.4 | 35 | 63.8 | 30 | 67.7 | 65 | earthworms, worm eggs | WS |
7. Pearsonema plica | (2/2) | (2/2) | (4/4)* | worm eggs | D. WS | |||
8. Capillaria spp.3 | 52.1 | 38 | 47.6 | 30 | 50.0 | 68 | worm eggs | CSF |
9. Angiostrongylus vasorum (n = 96) | 6.1 | 3 | 2.1 | 1 | 4.2 | 4 | terrestrial gastropods, frogs | WS, CSF |
10. Crenosoma vulpis (n = 96) | 24.5 | 12 | 8.5 | 4 | 16.7 | 16 | terrestrial gastropods | WS, CSF |
Intestinal cestodes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
11. Taenia crassiceps | 21.9 | 16 | 22.2 | 14 | 22.1 | 30 | rodents, lagomorpha | D, MS, PCR |
12. Taenia polyacantha | ||||||||
13. Mesocestoides litteratus | 6.8 | 5 | 4.8 | 3 | 5.9 | 8 | frogs, intermediate hosts | D, MS, PCR |
14. Echinococcus multilocularis | 1.4 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.7 | 1 | rodents, lagomorpha | PCR |
Intestinal trematodes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
15. Cryptocotyle lingua | 4.1 | 3 | 3.2 | 2 | 3.7 | 5 | fish | MS |
16. Isthmiophora melis | 1.4 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.7 | 1 | tadpoles | MS |
17. Alaria alata | 17.8 | 13 | 15.9 | 10 | 16.9 | 23 | tadpoles, frogs | MS, PCR |