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Table 2 Factors associated with malaria infection in univariate and multivariate random effect logistic regression analyses for children under five years of age in Burkina Faso (2010)

From: Multilevel and geo-statistical modeling of malaria risk in children of Burkina Faso

Covariates

Univariate multilevel

Multivariate multilevel

OR* (95% CrI†)

OR* (95% CrI†)

Individual level factors

  

Age (6–12 months)

Reference

Reference

 13-23 months

1.13 (0.91-1.40)

1.11 (0.90-1.37)

 24-35 months

1.46 (1.18-1.92)

1.41 (1.14-1.74)

 36-47 months

1.71 (1.38-2.13)

1.70 (1.37-2.10)

 48-59 months

1.92 (1.54-2.40)

1.81 (1.45-2.25)

Female Gender

1.12 (0.99-1.27)

NI

Not sleeping under a bed net

1.23 (1.08-1.41)

NI

Household level factors

  

Mother’s Education Level§ (No schooling)

Reference

Reference

 Primary

0.54 (0.45-0.66)

0.73 (0.59-0.89)

 Secondary or higher

0.30 (0.22-0.40)

0.60 (0.44-0.82)

Household size (<5 persons)

Reference

 

 5-7 persons

1.18 (0.99-1.40)

NI

 >7 persons

1.50 (1.26-1.78)

NI

Household wealth index (Richest)

Reference

Reference

 Richer

3.05 (2.46-3.79)

1.84 (1.45-2.33)

 Middle

4.41 (3.50-5.54)

2.35 (1.82-3.05)

 Poorer

4.42 (3.49-5.59)

2.23 (1.70-2.90)

 Poorest

5.68 (4.46-7.25)

3.02 (2.29-3.99)

Community level factors

  

Rate of attendance to health facilities (>2)

Reference

Reference

 1-2 visits per year

2.49 (1.81-3.40)

1.38 (1.05-1.82)

 <1 visits per year

6.13 (4.07-9.21)

2.49 (1.77-3.51)

Population per medical doctor (20,000-50,000)

Reference

 

 50,001–100,000

2.32 (1.65-3.26)

NI

 >100 000

2.76 (1.94-3.91)

NI

Population per heath worker (>3,000)

1.84 (1.46-2.33)

NI

Climatic/Environmental factors

  

Distance to river (<1 km)

Reference

 

 1 - 5 km

0.99 (0.52-1.87)

NI

 ≥5 km

2.00 (1.10-3.62)

NI

Distance to road: truncated at 16 km

1.32 (1.22-1.43)

NI

 Distance to road: squared term

0.99 (0.98-0.99)

NI

NDVI (<0.3)

Reference

Reference

 0.3 - 0.5

1.82 (1.40-2.37)

1.34 (1.07-1.68)

 ≥0.5

2.77 (2.06-3.73)

1.71 (1.29-2.26)

Average monthly rainfall (<50 mm)

Reference

 

50 -100 mm

0.49 (0.31-0.79)

NI

 ≥100 mm

0.32 (0.19-0.56)

NI

Rainfall 60 days prior to survey (<100 mm)

4.06 (2.54-6.47)

1.69 (1.14-2.53)

Altitude (<300 m)

1.82 (1.43-2.30)

 

Maximum temperature (<38.5°C)

Reference

Reference

 38.5 - 39.5°C

0.72 (0.55-0.94)

0.89 (0.70-1.12)

 ≥39.5°C

1.09 (0.78-1.51)

0.89 (0.67-1.19)

Population density: 100/km2, truncated at 500/km2

0.89 (0.57-1.37)

1.35 (0.88-2.06)

 Population density: squared term

0.94 (0.87-1.02)

0.91 (0.84-0.99)

  1. Statistically significant results are in bold.
  2. *OR: Odds Ratio using the category between brackets as reference.
  3. †CrI: Credible Interval.
  4. §210 observations were missing mother’s education information and these were removed from the models that included this variable.
  5. NI: Not Included.
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Parasites & Vectors

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