Spatio-temporal distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Brazil

Parasites & Vectors

Table 5 Parameter estimates of bivariate and Bayesian spatio-temporal logistic models for hookworm infection risk in Brazil

Hookworm infection	Bivariate logistic^†	Spatio-temporal model
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% BCI)
Survey period
1995-1999	1.00	1.00
2000-2004	0.58 (0.50; 0.68)^*	0.54 (0.43; 0.68)^*
2005-2009	0.44 (0.36; 0.54)^*	0.28 (0.22; 0.35)^*
From 2010 onwards	0.29 (0.22; 0.39)^*	0.13 (0.10; 0.17)^*
Mean temperature of warmest quarter	2.00 (1.68; 2.37)^*	1.50 (1.10; 2.05)^*
Temperature seasonality	0.54 (0.43; 0.67)^*	1.48 (1.21; 1.81)^*
Yearly temperature range (°C)
<13	1.00	1.00
13-18	0.61 (0.44; 0.86)^*	0.98 (0.69; 1.37)
≥18	0.20 (0.15; 0.27)^*	0.94 (0.60; 1.48)
Precipitation in coldest quarter	1.62 (1.43; 1.85)^*	0.89 (0.69; 1.15)
Precipitation in warmest quarter	0.44 (0.35; 0.55)^*	0.43 (0.33; 0.55)^*
Precipitation seasonality	1.29 (1.15; 1.45)^*	0.61 (0.49; 0.77)^*
Precipitation in driest quarter	0.88 (0.76; 1.01)	0.74 (0.62; 0.87)^*
Precipitation in wettest quarter	1.54 (1.31; 1.80)^*	3.59 (2.79; 4.62)^*
Altitude	0.56 (0.48; 0.67)^*	0.99 (0.71; 1.37)
Soil moisture (%)
<50	1.00	1.00
50-80	0.89 (0.64; 1.23)	0.52 (0.40; 0.67)^*
≥80	0.49 (0.31; 0.78)^*	0.30 (0.20; 0.43)^*
Soil pH	0.87 (0.76; 1.00)	0.77 (0.70; 0.86)^*
Human development index (HDI)	0.58 (0.53; 0.63)^*	0.74 (0.68; 0.82)^*
		Median (95% BCI)
Temporal autocorrelation		0.01 (-0.07; 0.06)
Spatial variance		8.92 (8.42; 9.43)
Spatial range (km)		29.7 (28.0; 31.4)

^†With standard error clustered at location level.
^*Significant based on 95% CI or BCI.
OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: lower and upper bound of a 95% confidence interval; 95% BCI: lower and upper bound of a 95% Bayesian credible interval.

ISSN: 1756-3305