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Table 1 Statistically significant associations between parasitic infections and clinically assessed or self-reported morbidity from multivariate regression analysis

From: The epidemiology of polyparasitism and implications for morbidity in two rural communities of Côte d’Ivoire

Morbidity§

Association

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Clinically assessed morbidity

   

Anaemia2+,7i,8i,9i,10i,12i,14

P. falciparum parasitaemia (>5,000 parasites/μl of blood)

3.54 (1.63, 7.66)

0.001

 

E. histolytica/E. dispar intensity (++)

4.43 (1.79, 10.97)

0.001

 

S. mansoni intensity (+)

0.29 (0.10, 0.86)

0.025

 

Hookworm intensity (+)

0.60 (0.37, 0.99)

0.045

Splenomegaly3+,6+,7i,9i,10i,14

P. falciparum parasitaemia (>5,000 parasites/μl of blood)

6.26 (2.60, 15.03)

<0.001

 

P. falciparum parasitaemia (501-5,000 parasites/μl of blood)

3.71 (1.80, 7.64)

<0.001

 

P. malariae

2.28 (1.01, 5.18)

0.048

Malnutrition (z-score <-2)9+,13,14,15

S. mansoni intensity (+)

0.32 (0.11, 0.93)

0.036

 

S. haematobium

0.55 (0.31, 0.98)

0.041

Pallor7i,11i,14

S. mansoni

0.40 (0.23, 0.70)

0.001

 

E. histolytica/E. dispar

0.52 (0.29, 0.93)

0.026

Fever (≥38.0 °C)3+,6+,14

P. falciparum parasitaemia (>5,000 parasites/μl of blood)

4.19 (1.35, 13.03)

0.013

Self-reported morbidity

   

Diarrhoea6i,9+,11i,12i,14,16

S. mansoni intensity (++)

3.33 (1.35, 8.23)

0.009

Abdominal pain9i,14,15

S. mansoni

2.54 (1.66, 3.89)

<0.001

 

G. intestinalis intensity (++)

2.14 (1.17, 3.93)

0.013

Blood in the stool7+,9+,10i,12i,13,14

S. haematobium

2.20 (1.34, 3.62)

0.002

 

S. mansoni

2.13 (1.27, 3.57)

0.004

 

P. falciparum

0.58 (0.38, 0.89)

0.013

Blood in urine7i,8i,9i,11i,12i,13,14

S. haematobium intensity (+)

2.77 (1.61, 4.77)

<0.001

 

S. haematobium intensity (+++)

11.08 (4.75, 25.83)

<0.001

 

S. mansoni

0.29 (0.12, 0.72)

0.008

Chronic morbidity6i,7i,8i,9i,11i,12i,14,15

No. of concurrent pathogenic infections (≥3 parasites)

0.43 (0.21, 0.88)

0.022

 

S. haematobium

2.25 (1.35, 3.75)

0.002

 

S. mansoni

0.38 (0.19, 0.74)

0.004

  1. Reference categories: parasite infection status or intensity: no infection. Helminth infection intensities: (+) = light, (++) = moderate, (+++) = heavy.
  2. §Covariates further included in each model for adjustment (+ = infection with, i = intensity of infection): 1 = P. falciparum, 2 = P. malariae, 3 = S. haematobium, 4 = S. mansoni, 5 = Hookworm, 6 = E. histolytica/E. dispar, 7 = E. coli, 8 = E. nana, 9 = I. bütschlii, 10 = G. intestinalis, 11 = C. mesnili, 12 = B. hominis, 13 = sex, 14 = age group, 15 = socioeconomic status, 16 = number of concurrent pathogenic infections (0, 1, 2, and 3 or more).