Morbidity§ | Association | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Clinically assessed morbidity | |||
Anaemia2+,7i,8i,9i,10i,12i,14 | P. falciparum parasitaemia (>5,000 parasites/μl of blood) | 3.54 (1.63, 7.66) | 0.001 |
E. histolytica/E. dispar intensity (++) | 4.43 (1.79, 10.97) | 0.001 | |
S. mansoni intensity (+) | 0.29 (0.10, 0.86) | 0.025 | |
Hookworm intensity (+) | 0.60 (0.37, 0.99) | 0.045 | |
Splenomegaly3+,6+,7i,9i,10i,14 | P. falciparum parasitaemia (>5,000 parasites/μl of blood) | 6.26 (2.60, 15.03) | <0.001 |
P. falciparum parasitaemia (501-5,000 parasites/μl of blood) | 3.71 (1.80, 7.64) | <0.001 | |
P. malariae | 2.28 (1.01, 5.18) | 0.048 | |
Malnutrition (z-score <-2)9+,13,14,15 | S. mansoni intensity (+) | 0.32 (0.11, 0.93) | 0.036 |
S. haematobium | 0.55 (0.31, 0.98) | 0.041 | |
Pallor7i,11i,14 | S. mansoni | 0.40 (0.23, 0.70) | 0.001 |
E. histolytica/E. dispar | 0.52 (0.29, 0.93) | 0.026 | |
Fever (≥38.0 °C)3+,6+,14 | P. falciparum parasitaemia (>5,000 parasites/μl of blood) | 4.19 (1.35, 13.03) | 0.013 |
Self-reported morbidity | |||
Diarrhoea6i,9+,11i,12i,14,16 | S. mansoni intensity (++) | 3.33 (1.35, 8.23) | 0.009 |
Abdominal pain9i,14,15 | S. mansoni | 2.54 (1.66, 3.89) | <0.001 |
G. intestinalis intensity (++) | 2.14 (1.17, 3.93) | 0.013 | |
Blood in the stool7+,9+,10i,12i,13,14 | S. haematobium | 2.20 (1.34, 3.62) | 0.002 |
S. mansoni | 2.13 (1.27, 3.57) | 0.004 | |
P. falciparum | 0.58 (0.38, 0.89) | 0.013 | |
Blood in urine7i,8i,9i,11i,12i,13,14 | S. haematobium intensity (+) | 2.77 (1.61, 4.77) | <0.001 |
S. haematobium intensity (+++) | 11.08 (4.75, 25.83) | <0.001 | |
S. mansoni | 0.29 (0.12, 0.72) | 0.008 | |
Chronic morbidity6i,7i,8i,9i,11i,12i,14,15 | No. of concurrent pathogenic infections (≥3 parasites) | 0.43 (0.21, 0.88) | 0.022 |
S. haematobium | 2.25 (1.35, 3.75) | 0.002 | |
S. mansoni | 0.38 (0.19, 0.74) | 0.004 |