Table 2 Associations between specific morbidities and co-infection/co-morbidities in children/adolescents aged <18 years and adults ≥18 years from multivariate regression analysis

Children/adolescents aged <18 years (n = 466)

Anaemia^{3i,4i,6i,14,16}

No hookworm/no${\mathit{\text{P. falciparum}}}_{500+}^{\mathrm{\Delta }}$

1.00 (reference)

P. falciparum₅₀₀₊ only

1.90 (1.15, 3.14)

0.012*

Hookworm only

0.29 (0.09, 0.88)

0.030*

Co-infected

0.84 (0.34, 2.05)

0.699

Anaemia^{3i,4i,5+,6i,14}

Not malnourished/no P. falciparum₅₀₀₊

1.00 (reference)

P. falciparum₅₀₀₊ only

1.94 (1.05, 3.57)

0.034*

Malnourished only

2.21 (1.11, 4.41)

0.024*

Malnourished/P. falciparum₅₀₀₊

4.62 (2.32, 9.21)

<0.001*

Splenomegaly^2+,6i,13,14

No S. haematobium/no P. falciparum₅₀₀₊

1.00 (reference)

P. falciparum₅₀₀₊ only

3.10 (1.80, 5.31)

<0.001*

S. haematobium only

2.47 (1.11, 5.49)

0.026*

Co-infected

3.48 (1.49, 8.15)

0.004*

Splenomegaly^{2+,3+,6i,13,14}

Not malnourished/no P. falciparum₅₀₀₊

1.00 (reference)

P. falciparum₅₀₀₊ only

1.91 (1.08, 3.40)

0.027*

Malnourished only

0.70 (0.32, 1.53)

0.374

Malnourished/P. falciparum₅₀₀₊

3.26 (1.66, 6.40)

0.001*

Adults aged ≥18 years (n = 384)

Anaemia^6i,8+,13

No S. mansoni/no P. falciparum

1.00 (reference)

P. falciparum only

1.03 (0.52, 2.03)

0.940

S. mansoni only

0.47 (0.10, 2.15)

0.332

Co-infected

0.13 (0.02, 0.99)

0.049*

Pallor^8i,12i,13,15

No S. mansoni/no P. falciparum

1.00 (reference)

P. falciparum only

0.81 (0.47, 1.41)

0.458

S. mansoni only

0.74 (0.28, 2.01)

0.560

Co-infected

0.23 (0.07, 0.71)

0.011*

Chronic morbidity^{5+,9i,11i,13,14,15}

No S. mansoni/no P. falciparum

1.00 (reference)

P. falciparum only

0.61 (0.37, 1.01)

0.052

S. mansoni only

0.53 (0.22, 1.31)

0.168

Co-infected

0.16 (0.06, 0.46)

0.001*

Abdominal pain^14,15

No S. mansoni/no P. falciparum

1.00 (reference)

P. falciparum only

0.63 (0.36, 1.10)

0.105

S. mansoni only

1.74 (0.80, 3.78)

0.163

Co-infected

2.79 (1.38, 5.64)

0.004*

Abdominal pain^14,15

No S. mansoni/no hookworm

1.00 (reference)

S. mansoni only

2.15 (0.99, 4.64)

0.051

Hookworm only

1.02 (0.59, 1.78)

0.946

Co-infected

3.27 (1.61, 6.63)

0.001*