Table 4 Factors associated with transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in univariate analysis

Socio-demographic

Family size (mean, 95% Cl)**

5.8(5.3-6.4)

4.8(4.4-5.1)

1.257

1.110

1.423

0.000

Own farm land

66(73.3%)

140(72.5%)

1.038

0.555

1.943

0.907

Able to read and write

60(66.7%)

144(74.6%)

0.598

0.319

1.121

0.109

School grade <5

60(66.7%)

89(46.1%)

3.432

1.760

6.693

0.000

Housing condition

Separate kitchen

43(47.8%)

122(63.2%)

0.534

0.320

0.892

0.016

Animal barn inside compound

45(50.0%)

79(40.9%)

0.622

0.350

1.106

0.106

Damp house floor

24(26.7%)

15(7.8%)

4.328

2.097

8.932

0.000

Sleeping on bed

74(82.2%)

183(94.8%)

0.287

0.128

0.642

0.002

Thatched roof

56(62.2%)

113(59.5%)

0.899

0.523

1.546

0.701

Cracked house wall

60 (66.7%)

84 (44.4%)

2.768

1.549

4.946

0.001

Cracked black soil near house

64(71.1%)

60(31.1%)

6.266

3.308

11.871

0.000

Animal ownership

Presence of cattle (mean, 95% Cl for mean)**

5.9(3.4-8.3)

1.8(1.3-2.3)

1.114

1.047

1.185

0.001

Dog ownership

47(52.2%)

48(24.9%)

3.544

1.970

6.376

0.000

Goats ownership

37(41.1%)

43(22.3%)

2.500

1.407

4.443

0.002

Number of goats per household (Mean,95% Cl for mean)**

4.01(2.4-5.6)

2.1(1.3-3)

1.041

1.002

1.083

0.039

Sheep ownership

38(42.2%)

72(37.3%)

1.183

0.710

1.971

0.519

Number of sheep per household (Mean,95% Cl for mean)**

3.9(2.1-5.6)

3.4(2.4-4.5)

1.006

0.975

1.038

0.704

Donkey ownership

59(65.6%)

98(50.8%)

1.971

1.117

3.477

0.019

Dumping animal dung near house

38(42.2%)

30(15.5%)

4.170

2.215

7.849

0.000

Apply insecticide to livestock

21(23.3%)

64(33.2%)

0.603

0.339

1.072

0.085

Individual activities

Sleeping outside the house near animal shelter

43(47.8%)

46(23.8%)

3.062

1.725

5.437

0.000

Sleeping under Balanites-acacia trees at night

64(71.1%)

96(49.7%)

2.613

1.453

4.702

0.001

Sleeping outside the house under bed net

16(17.8%)

118(61.1%)

0.130

0.066

0.258

0.000

House sprayed with insecticides

16(17.8%)

49(25.5%)

0.577

0.290

1.148

0.117

Smoking house

50(56.2%)

168(87.0%)

0.093

0.038

0.225

0.000

Period of days stayed in the farm field

Mean ( 95% Cl for mean)**

91.3(61.7-120.9)

8(5.9-10)

1.035

1.009

1.062

0.008

Sleeping in the farm field over night

66(76.7%)

109(56.5%)

4.159

1.745

9.913

0.001