Phenotypic effects of concomitant insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ace-1 R ) and knockdown resistance (kdr R ) in Anopheles gambiae: a hindrance for insecticide resistance management for malaria vector control

Table 3 Knock-down times (KdT50 and KdT95) of reference strains 1 h after exposed to insecticides

Insecticides	Strains	N	% KD	KdT₅₀	CI₉₅	KdT₉₅	CI₉₅	KdT₅₀R
Permethrin	Kisumu	98	100	8.6	7.6-9.6	28.5	24.7-34	-
	Acerkis	100	100	10.9	9.5-12.4	25.2	21-32	1,3
	KisKDR	99	23,23	178	114-414.5	2544	864-21000	20,6
	AcerKdrkis	100	7	No KdT	-	No KdT-	-	-
Deltamethrin	Kisumu	101	100	7.7	6.8-8.5	21	18.3-25	-
	Acerkis	96	100	8	7.2-8.7	17.8	15.4-21	1
	KisKDR	101	94	19.3	15-23.5	51	39.6-77.4	2,5
	AcerKdrkis	100	94	27	24-30	55.7	48-69.4	3,5
DDT	Kisumu	99	98	33.6	31-36	50.1	45.6-57.7	-
	Acerkis	100	77	45	43-47	77.5	70.7-88	1.3
	KisKDR	98	0	No KdT	-	No KdT	-	-
	AcerKdrkis	100	0	No KdT	-	No KdT	-	-

N = number of mosquitoes tested.
KdT₅₀R, KdT50 of the tested population divided by KdT50 of the Kisumu (susceptible reference strain).
% KD = percentage of mosquitoes knock-down after 60 mn.
KdT_50/95 = Knock-down times in minutes for 50 or 95% of adult mosquitoes after one hour of exposure to impregnated paper in WHO test Kits.
CI ₉₅ = 95% confidence intervals.
No KdT = Complete loss of KD effect (less than 5% of KD mosquitoes after one hour exposure).

ISSN: 1756-3305