Tick-borne pathogens and the vector potential of ticks in China

Zhijun Yu; Hui Wang; Tianhong Wang; Wenying Sun; Xiaolong Yang; Jingze Liu

doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0628-x

Parasites & Vectors

Table 2 Tick-borne pathogens and the role of ixodid ticks as vectors within China

From: Tick-borne pathogens and the vector potential of ticks in China

Tick species	Pathogens	Diseases	References
*Ixodes*
I. persulcatus	B. burgdorferi; human granulocytc Ehrlichia (HGE)^b; Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia (SFGR) ^b; Ehrlichia ^b; Anaplasma phagocytophila ^b; tick-borne Encephalitis virus (TBEV); Babesia bigemina, Ba. bovis	Lyme disease; Ehrlichiosis; spotted fever; human granulocytic anaplasmosis; babesiosis	[18-25]
I. kazakstani	B. burgdorferi ^a	Lyme disease	[26]
I. nipponensis	B. afzelii ^a,b; TBEV ^a,b	Lyme disease; tick-borne encephalitis;	[27,28]
I. ovatus	Ehrlichia ^a,b; TBEV; R. japonica ^a,b	Ehrlichiosis; tick-borne encephalitis; Oriental spotted fever	[29-31]
I. granulates	B. burgdorferi	Lyme disease	[32]
I. acutitarsus	B. burgdorferi	Lyme disease	[33]
I. sinensis	R. monacensis ^b; Ehrlichia, Bartonella, and Borrelia ^b; B. garinii ^b	Lyme disease; Mediterranean Spotted Fever	[34]
*Amblyomma*
Am. geoemydae	Reptile-associated Borrelia spp. ^a,b;relapsing fever Borrelia sp. ^a,b	Relapsing fever	[35]
Am. helvolum	SFGR ^a,b; Rickettsia sp. ^a,b	Spotted fever	[36,37]
Am. testudinarium	R. tamurae sp. nov.^a,b; Ehrlichia chaffeensis ^b;	Human monocytic ehrlichiosis	[38,39]
*Haemaphysalis*
H. longicornis	New bunyavirus^b; B. burodorferi; A. phagocytophilum ^b; SFGR^a,b; Babesia sp^a; Huaiyangshan virus^b; Borrelia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia ^b; Theileria uilenbergi ^b;	Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome; Lyme disease; human granulocytic anaplasmosis; spotted fever; babesiosis; Huaiyangshan hemorrhagic fever	[40-47]
H. concinna	B. garinii ^b; HGE^b; SFGR^b; TBEV^b	Human granulocytic Ehrlichiosis	[23,48-50]
H. punctata	B. burgdorferi sensu stricto^b; Ba. major and T. orientalis; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus^a; Rickettsia ^a,b; R. aeschlimannii ^a,b; An. phagocytophilum ^b; Flavivirus ^b	Lyme disease; Babesiosis; tick-borne encephalitis; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever	[3,51-55]
H. cornigera	R. heilongjiangensis ^a,b	Spotted fever	[31]
H. erinacei	SFGR^a,b	Spotted fever	[56]
H. flava	Ehrlichia ^b; R. japonica ^a,b	EhIichiosis; Japanese Spotted fever	[57,58]
H. formosensis	R. asiatica sp. nov.^a,b; Kyasanur Forest disease virus^a,b; R. japonica ^a,b; An. phagocytophilum ^a,b	Spotted fever; Kyasanur Forest disease;	[31,59-61]
H. hystricis	An. phagocytophilum ^b; R. japonica ^a,b	Human granulocytic anaplasmosis; Japanese Spotted fever	[31,62]
H. japonica	B. garinii ^b; TBEV^a,b	Lyme disease; tick-borne encephalitis	[63,64]
H. kitaokai	SFGR^a,b	Spotted Fever	[65]
H. lagrangei	Anaplasma spp.^a,b; Rickettsia ^a,b;	Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; Rickettsioses	[66,67]
H. bispinosa	B. burodorferi; T. sergenti; Ba. bigemina	Lyme disease; Piroplasmosis	[32,68,69]
H. megaspinosa	A. bovis and An. phagocytophilum ^a,b; SFGR^a,b	Human granulocytic anaplasmosis; spotted fever;	[65,70]
H. ornithophila	SFGR^a,b	Spotted Fever	[71]
H. phasiana	TBEV^a,b	Tick-borne encephalitis	[64]
H. qinghaiensis	T. uilenbergi ^b; An. phagocytophilum ^b; Theileria spp.;	Human granulocytic anaplasmosis; theileriosis	[72-74]
H. spinigera	Flavivirus^a,b	Kyasanur forest disease	[3]
H. tibetensis	GRD spirochetes	Unknown	[75]
H. wellingtoni	Kyasanur forest disease virus^a,b; Eubacterium sp. strain Hw124 and Eubacterium sp. strain Hw191^a,b	Kyasanur forest disease;	[66,76]
H. campanulata	Coxiella burneti ^b	Q fever	[77]
H. yeni	R. sibirica ^b	North-Asia Spotted fever	[78]
*Hyalomma*
Hy. anatolicum	Trypanosoma theileri-like flagellates^a,b; Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus^a,b; T. annulata	Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever	[79-81]
Hy. asiaticum	Hemorrhagic fever virus^b; R. mongolotimonae ^b; T. annulata; Rickettsiale ^b	Hemorrhagic fever; theileriosis	[81-84]
Hy. scupense	T. annulata	Theileriosis	[81]
Hy. rufipes	T. annulata ^a,b	Theileriosis	[85]
Hy. dromedarii	Kadam virus^a,b	Unknown	[86]
*Dermacentor*
D. nuttalli	B. burgdorferi ^b; SFGR^b; HGE; Ba. caballi and Ba. equi ^a,b; Rickettsiaes	Lyme disease; North Asia Spotted Fever; human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; babesiosis	[23,84,87-89]
D. reticulatus	R. helvetica ^a,b; R. slovaca ^a,b; An. phagocytophila ^a,b; Babesia ^a,b	Unexplained febrile illness; Spotless rickettsiosis; human granulocytic anaplasmosis; babesiosis	[90-93]
D. silvarum	HGE^b; E. chaffeensis ^b; TBEV; R. raoultii sp. nov.^b; R. heilongjiangensis ^a,b, R. sibirica ^b	Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; Encephalitis; Spotted Fever;	[23,94-98]
D. auratus	SFGR^b	Spotted Fever	[99]
D. everestianus	An. ovis ^b; R. raoultii–like bacteria^b; Bacillus tularensis ^b	Spotted Fever; Tularemia	[100-102]
D. marginatus	B. burgdorferi ^b; R. slovaca ^a,b	Lyme disease; tick-borne lymphadenopathy	[51,103]
D. niveus	SFGR^a,b; An. ovis ^b; Bacillus tularensis ^b	Spotted Fever; Tularemia	[100,102,104]
D. sinicus	SFGR^b	Spotted fever	[105]
D. taiwanensis	R. japonica ^a,b;	Japanese Spotted fever	[106]
*Rhipicephalus*
Rh. microplus	A. marginale ^b, Ba. bigemina, Ba. bovis, T. equi; E. chaffeensis ^a,b; TBEV^b; C. burnetii ^b	Babesiosis; theileriosis; Encephalitis; Q fever	[2,107,108]
Rh. bursa	An. marginale ^b, An. ovis ^b, An. phagocytophilum ^b, Ba. bigemina ^b, Ba. ovis ^b, Bhanja virus^a,b, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus^a,b	Human granulocytic anaplasmosis; babesiosis; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever	[3,109]
Rh. pumilio	SFGR^a,b; R. conorii ^b; An. phagocytophilum ^b	Spotted fever; human granulocytic anaplasmosis	[110,111]
Rh. rossicus	West Nile virus^a,b	West Nile fever	[112]
Rh. sanguineus	Ba. vogeli ^b, E. canis ^b, R. conorii ^a,b, R. massiliae ^a,b, R. rickettsii ^a,b	Babesiosis; Mediterranean spotted fever	[3,113]
Rh. turanicus	R. conorii ^a,b, R. massiliae ^a,b	Mediterranean spotted fever	[114]
Rh. haemaphysaloides	SFGR^b; Ba. bigemina ^b, B. bovis ^b	Spotted fever; Babesiosis	[109]

^aThese pathogenic microorganisms have been recorded outside China.
^bThese pathogenic species have been detected within ticks or have been shown to be transmitted by ticks under controlled experimental conditions.

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