Table 2 Tick-borne pathogens and the role of ixodid ticks as vectors within China

Ixodes

I. persulcatus

B. burgdorferi; human granulocytc Ehrlichia (HGE)^b; Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia (SFGR) ^b; Ehrlichia ^b; Anaplasma phagocytophila ^b; tick-borne Encephalitis virus (TBEV); Babesia bigemina, Ba. bovis

Lyme disease; Ehrlichiosis; spotted fever; human granulocytic anaplasmosis; babesiosis

[18-25]

I. kazakstani

B. burgdorferi ^a

Lyme disease

[26]

I. nipponensis

B. afzelii ^a,b; TBEV ^a,b

Lyme disease; tick-borne encephalitis;

[27,28]

I. ovatus

Ehrlichia ^a,b; TBEV; R. japonica ^a,b

Ehrlichiosis; tick-borne encephalitis; Oriental spotted fever

[29-31]

I. granulates

B. burgdorferi

Lyme disease

[32]

I. acutitarsus

B. burgdorferi

Lyme disease

[33]

I. sinensis

R. monacensis ^b; Ehrlichia, Bartonella, and Borrelia ^b; B. garinii ^b

Lyme disease; Mediterranean Spotted Fever

[34]

Amblyomma

Am. geoemydae

Reptile-associated Borrelia spp. ^a,b;relapsing fever Borrelia sp. ^a,b

Relapsing fever

[35]

Am. helvolum

SFGR ^a,b; Rickettsia sp. ^a,b

Spotted fever

[36,37]

Am. testudinarium

R. tamurae sp. nov.^a,b; Ehrlichia chaffeensis ^b;

Human monocytic ehrlichiosis

[38,39]

Haemaphysalis

H. longicornis

New bunyavirus^b; B. burodorferi; A. phagocytophilum ^b; SFGR^a,b; Babesia sp^a; Huaiyangshan virus^b; Borrelia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia ^b; Theileria uilenbergi ^b;

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome; Lyme disease; human granulocytic anaplasmosis; spotted fever; babesiosis; Huaiyangshan hemorrhagic fever

[40-47]

H. concinna

B. garinii ^b; HGE^b; SFGR^b; TBEV^b

Human granulocytic Ehrlichiosis

[23,48-50]

H. punctata

B. burgdorferi sensu stricto^b; Ba. major and T. orientalis; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus^a; Rickettsia ^a,b;

R. aeschlimannii ^a,b; An. phagocytophilum ^b; Flavivirus ^b

Lyme disease; Babesiosis; tick-borne encephalitis; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

[3,51-55]

H. cornigera

R. heilongjiangensis ^a,b

Spotted fever

[31]

H. erinacei

SFGR^a,b

Spotted fever

[56]

H. flava

Ehrlichia ^b; R. japonica ^a,b

EhIichiosis; Japanese Spotted fever

[57,58]

H. formosensis

R. asiatica sp. nov.^a,b; Kyasanur Forest disease virus^a,b; R. japonica ^a,b; An. phagocytophilum ^a,b

Spotted fever; Kyasanur Forest disease;

[31,59-61]

H. hystricis

An. phagocytophilum ^b; R. japonica ^a,b

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis; Japanese Spotted fever

[31,62]

H. japonica

B. garinii ^b; TBEV^a,b

Lyme disease; tick-borne encephalitis

[63,64]

H. kitaokai

SFGR^a,b

Spotted Fever

[65]

H. lagrangei

Anaplasma spp.^a,b; Rickettsia ^a,b;

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; Rickettsioses

[66,67]

H. bispinosa

B. burodorferi; T. sergenti; Ba. bigemina

Lyme disease; Piroplasmosis

[32,68,69]

H. megaspinosa

A. bovis and An. phagocytophilum ^a,b; SFGR^a,b

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis; spotted fever;

[65,70]

H. ornithophila

SFGR^a,b

Spotted Fever

[71]

H. phasiana

TBEV^a,b

Tick-borne encephalitis

[64]

H. qinghaiensis

T. uilenbergi ^b; An. phagocytophilum ^b; Theileria spp.;

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis; theileriosis

[72-74]

H. spinigera

Flavivirus^a,b

Kyasanur forest disease

[3]

H. tibetensis

GRD spirochetes

Unknown

[75]

H. wellingtoni

Kyasanur forest disease virus^a,b; Eubacterium sp. strain Hw124 and Eubacterium sp. strain Hw191^a,b

Kyasanur forest disease;

[66,76]

H. campanulata

Coxiella burneti ^b

Q fever

[77]

H. yeni

R. sibirica ^b

North-Asia Spotted fever

[78]

Hyalomma

Hy. anatolicum

Trypanosoma theileri-like flagellates^a,b; Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus^a,b; T. annulata

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever

[79-81]

Hy. asiaticum

Hemorrhagic fever virus^b; R. mongolotimonae ^b; T. annulata; Rickettsiale ^b

Hemorrhagic fever; theileriosis

[81-84]

Hy. scupense

T. annulata

Theileriosis

[81]

Hy. rufipes

T. annulata ^a,b

Theileriosis

[85]

Hy. dromedarii

Kadam virus^a,b

Unknown

[86]

Dermacentor

D. nuttalli

B. burgdorferi ^b; SFGR^b; HGE; Ba. caballi and Ba. equi ^a,b; Rickettsiaes

Lyme disease; North Asia Spotted Fever; human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; babesiosis

[23,84,87-89]

D. reticulatus

R. helvetica ^a,b; R. slovaca ^a,b; An. phagocytophila ^a,b; Babesia ^a,b

Unexplained febrile illness; Spotless rickettsiosis; human granulocytic anaplasmosis; babesiosis

[90-93]

D. silvarum

HGE^b; E. chaffeensis ^b; TBEV; R. raoultii sp. nov.^b; R. heilongjiangensis ^a,b, R. sibirica ^b

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; Encephalitis; Spotted Fever;

[23,94-98]

D. auratus

SFGR^b

Spotted Fever

[99]

D. everestianus

An. ovis ^b; R. raoultii–like bacteria^b; Bacillus tularensis ^b

Spotted Fever; Tularemia

[100-102]

D. marginatus

B. burgdorferi ^b; R. slovaca ^a,b

Lyme disease; tick-borne lymphadenopathy

[51,103]

D. niveus

SFGR^a,b; An. ovis ^b; Bacillus tularensis ^b

Spotted Fever; Tularemia

[100,102,104]

D. sinicus

SFGR^b

Spotted fever

[105]

D. taiwanensis

R. japonica ^a,b;

Japanese Spotted fever

[106]

Rhipicephalus

Rh. microplus

A. marginale ^b, Ba. bigemina, Ba. bovis, T. equi; E. chaffeensis ^a,b; TBEV^b; C. burnetii ^b

Babesiosis; theileriosis; Encephalitis; Q fever

[2,107,108]

Rh. bursa

An. marginale ^b, An. ovis ^b, An. phagocytophilum ^b, Ba. bigemina ^b, Ba. ovis ^b, Bhanja virus^a,b, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus^a,b

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis; babesiosis; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

[3,109]

Rh. pumilio

SFGR^a,b; R. conorii ^b; An. phagocytophilum ^b

Spotted fever; human granulocytic anaplasmosis

[110,111]

Rh. rossicus

West Nile virus^a,b

West Nile fever

[112]

Rh. sanguineus

Ba. vogeli ^b, E. canis ^b, R. conorii ^a,b, R. massiliae ^a,b, R. rickettsii ^a,b

Babesiosis; Mediterranean spotted fever

[3,113]

Rh. turanicus

R. conorii ^a,b, R. massiliae ^a,b

Mediterranean spotted fever

[114]

Rh. haemaphysaloides

SFGR^b; Ba. bigemina ^b, B. bovis ^b

Spotted fever; Babesiosis

[109]