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Table 3 Overview of remote sensing data and derived environmental variables investigated for spatial analyses of schistosomiasis from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2014

From: Risk profiling of schistosomiasis using remote sensing: approaches, challenges and outlook

Satellite sensor

Environmental variable

Sensor combination

Geographic area

Temporal coverage

Reference data

Reference(s) *

Snail

Human infection

NOAA-AVHRR spatial resolution: 1.1 km

Diurnal temperature difference NDVI

Landsat

Egypt

Monthly time series 1990-1991

Snail occurrence, infection rate (water survey 1 km distance to population survey)

Survey prevalence (rural health units)

[80]

 

LST, NDVI

SRTM

Tanzania

Monthly time series 1985-1998

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[81]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Ethiopia – East Africa

Annual + seasonal composites 1992-1996

 

Survey prevalence (town/village) – 5 km buffer

[82]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Ethiopia

Annual + seasonal composites 1992-1996

Snail occurrence

Survey prevalence (town/village) – 5 km buffer

[83]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Cameroon

1985-1998

 

Survey prevalence (district – stratified at school level)

[84]

 

LST, NDVI

Landsat GTOPO30

Uganda

Not indicated

 

Survey prevalence, infection intensity (school/village)

[85]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda

Annual + seasonal composites 1992-1995

Snail occurrence

CEGET/WHO atlas – 5 km buffer

[86]

 

Land cover

MODIS, Landsat, METEOSAT, GTOPO30

Côte d’Ivoire

1992/1993

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[87,88]

 

LST, NDVI

GTOPO30

Tanzania

1982-1998

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[89]

 

LST, NDVI

GTOPO30

East Africa

1982-2000

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[90]

 

Land cover

GTOPO30

Côte d’Ivoire

1992/1993

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[91]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger

Not indicated

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[92]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Nigeria

2001-2002

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[93]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Zambia

1992-1995

Snail occurrence, cercarial shedding

Survey prevalence, infection intensity (school/village)

[94]

 

LST, NDVI

 

East Africa

1982-2000

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[95]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Tanzania

Not indicated

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[96]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Burkina Faso, Mali

1982-1998

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[97]

 

NDVI

 

Sudan

Not indicated

 

Survey prevalence (village)

[98]

 

LST, NDVI

SRTM

Sierra Leone

Not indicated

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[99,100]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Ghana

Not indicated

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[101]

MODIS spatial resolution: 1 km, 500 m, 250 m

LST, NDVI

NOAA-AVHRR, Landsat, METEOSAT, GTOPO30

Côte d’Ivoire

Monthly time series January + November 2002

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[87,88]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Uganda

Annual + seasonal composites 2000-2003

Snail occurrence

Survey prevalence (school)

[102]

 

LST, NDVI

 

Uganda

Annual + seasonal composites 2000-2003

Snail occurrence

Survey prevalence (school)

[103]

 

LST, NDVI, Land cover

GTOPO30

West Africa

2000-2008

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[104]

 

LST, NDVI Land cover

GTOPO30

East Africa

2000-2009

 

Survey prevalence (school/community)

[105,106]

 

LST, NDVI

METEOSAT, SRTM

Côte d’Ivoire

Not indicated

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[107]

Landsat TM/ETM + spatial resolution: 30 m, 60 m

Spectral bands: (blue(1), red(3), mir(5), thermal(6)) NDVI Tasseled cap: brightness, greenness, wetness

NOAA-AVHRR

Egypt

May 1990

Number, distribution, infection rate

Survey prevalence (rural health units)

[80]

 

Water body map

NOAA-AVHRR, GTOPO30

Uganda

March 2000

 

Survey prevalence, infection intensity (school/village)

[85]

 

Settlements, roads, rivers

NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS, METEOSAT, GTOPO30

Côte d’Ivoire

January + November 2002

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[87,88]

 

NDMSI (normalized difference moisture stress index)

Ikonos, SRTM

Kenya

June 1986 + January 2003

Snail/shell occurrence

 

[51]

á…Ÿ

Ikonos spatial resolution: 1 m

Land cover

Landsat, SRTM

Kenya

March

Snail/shell occurrence

 

[41,51,108]

METEOSAT spatial resolution: 8 km

Rainfall estimates

NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS, Landsat, GTOPO30

Côte d’Ivoire

September 2001–August 2002

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[87,88]

Rainfall estimates

MODIS, SRTM

Côte d’Ivoire

Not indicated

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[107]

SRTM spatial resolution: 90 m

Altitude

NOAA-AVHRR

Tanzania

February 2000

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[81]

 

Altitude, slope, stream order, catchment

 

Côte d’Ivoire

February 2000

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[52,107]

 

Altitude, slope, drainage network

Landsat, Ikonos

Kenya

February 2000

Snail/shell occurrence

 

[51]

 

Altitude

NOAA-AVHRR

Sierra Leone

February 2000

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[99]

GTOPO30 spatial resolution: 30 sec (ca. 1 km)

Altitude

NOAA-AVHRR, Landsat

Uganda

1994-1997

 

Survey prevalence, Infection intensity (school/village)

[85]

 

Altitude

NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS, METEOSAT, Landsat

Côte d’Ivoire

1994-1997

  

[87,88]

 

Altitude

NOAA-AVHRR

Tanzania

1994-1997

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[89]

 

Altitude

NOAA-AVHRR

East Africa

1994-1997

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[90]

 

Altitude

NOAA-AVHRR

East Africa

1994-1997

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[91]

 

Altitude

MODIS

Côte d’Ivoire

1994-1997

 

Survey prevalence (school)

[104]

 

Altitude

MODIS

East Africa

1994-1997

 

Survey prevalence (school/community)

[106]

  1. *References are listed manifold if the study investigated data from more than one remote sensor.