Table 3 Overview of remote sensing data and derived environmental variables investigated for spatial analyses of schistosomiasis from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2014
From: Risk profiling of schistosomiasis using remote sensing: approaches, challenges and outlook
| Satellite sensor | Environmental variable | Sensor combination | Geographic area | Temporal coverage | Reference data | Reference(s) * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Snail | Human infection | ||||||
| NOAA-AVHRR spatial resolution: 1.1 km | Diurnal temperature difference NDVI | Landsat | Egypt | Monthly time series 1990-1991 | Snail occurrence, infection rate (water survey 1 km distance to population survey) | Survey prevalence (rural health units) | [80] |
| LST, NDVI | SRTM | Tanzania | Monthly time series 1985-1998 | Survey prevalence (school) | [81] | ||
| LST, NDVI | Ethiopia – East Africa | Annual + seasonal composites 1992-1996 | Survey prevalence (town/village) – 5 km buffer | [82] | |||
| LST, NDVI | Ethiopia | Annual + seasonal composites 1992-1996 | Snail occurrence | Survey prevalence (town/village) – 5 km buffer | [83] | ||
| LST, NDVI | Cameroon | 1985-1998 | Survey prevalence (district – stratified at school level) | [84] | |||
| LST, NDVI | Landsat GTOPO30 | Uganda | Not indicated | Survey prevalence, infection intensity (school/village) | [85] | ||
| LST, NDVI | Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda | Annual + seasonal composites 1992-1995 | Snail occurrence | CEGET/WHO atlas – 5 km buffer | [86] | ||
| Land cover | MODIS, Landsat, METEOSAT, GTOPO30 | Côte d’Ivoire | 1992/1993 | Survey prevalence (school) | [87,88] | ||
| LST, NDVI | GTOPO30 | Tanzania | 1982-1998 | Survey prevalence (school) | [89] | ||
| LST, NDVI | GTOPO30 | East Africa | 1982-2000 | Survey prevalence (school) | [90] | ||
| Land cover | GTOPO30 | Côte d’Ivoire | 1992/1993 | Survey prevalence (school) | [91] | ||
| LST, NDVI | Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger | Not indicated | Survey prevalence (school) | [92] | |||
| LST, NDVI | Nigeria | 2001-2002 | Survey prevalence (school) | [93] | |||
| LST, NDVI | Zambia | 1992-1995 | Snail occurrence, cercarial shedding | Survey prevalence, infection intensity (school/village) | [94] | ||
| LST, NDVI | East Africa | 1982-2000 | Survey prevalence (school) | [95] | |||
| LST, NDVI | Tanzania | Not indicated | Survey prevalence (school) | [96] | |||
| LST, NDVI | Burkina Faso, Mali | 1982-1998 | Survey prevalence (school) | [97] | |||
| NDVI | Sudan | Not indicated | Survey prevalence (village) | [98] | |||
| LST, NDVI | SRTM | Sierra Leone | Not indicated | Survey prevalence (school) | [99,100] | ||
| LST, NDVI | Ghana | Not indicated | Survey prevalence (school) | [101] | |||
| MODIS spatial resolution: 1 km, 500 m, 250 m | LST, NDVI | NOAA-AVHRR, Landsat, METEOSAT, GTOPO30 | Côte d’Ivoire | Monthly time series January + November 2002 | Survey prevalence (school) | [87,88] | |
| LST, NDVI | Uganda | Annual + seasonal composites 2000-2003 | Snail occurrence | Survey prevalence (school) | [102] | ||
| LST, NDVI | Uganda | Annual + seasonal composites 2000-2003 | Snail occurrence | Survey prevalence (school) | [103] | ||
| LST, NDVI, Land cover | GTOPO30 | West Africa | 2000-2008 | Survey prevalence (school) | [104] | ||
| LST, NDVI Land cover | GTOPO30 | East Africa | 2000-2009 | Survey prevalence (school/community) | [105,106] | ||
| LST, NDVI | METEOSAT, SRTM | Côte d’Ivoire | Not indicated | Survey prevalence (school) | [107] | ||
| Landsat TM/ETM + spatial resolution: 30 m, 60 m | Spectral bands: (blue(1), red(3), mir(5), thermal(6)) NDVI Tasseled cap: brightness, greenness, wetness | NOAA-AVHRR | Egypt | May 1990 | Number, distribution, infection rate | Survey prevalence (rural health units) | [80] |
| Water body map | NOAA-AVHRR, GTOPO30 | Uganda | March 2000 | Survey prevalence, infection intensity (school/village) | [85] | ||
| Settlements, roads, rivers | NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS, METEOSAT, GTOPO30 | Côte d’Ivoire | January + November 2002 | Survey prevalence (school) | [87,88] | ||
| NDMSI (normalized difference moisture stress index) | Ikonos, SRTM | Kenya | June 1986 + January 2003 | Snail/shell occurrence | [51] | ||
| ᅟ | |||||||
| Ikonos spatial resolution: 1 m | Land cover | Landsat, SRTM | Kenya | March | Snail/shell occurrence | [41,51,108] | |
| METEOSAT spatial resolution: 8 km | Rainfall estimates | NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS, Landsat, GTOPO30 | Côte d’Ivoire | September 2001–August 2002 | Survey prevalence (school) | [87,88] | |
| Rainfall estimates | MODIS, SRTM | Côte d’Ivoire | Not indicated | Survey prevalence (school) | [107] | ||
| SRTM spatial resolution: 90 m | Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR | Tanzania | February 2000 | Survey prevalence (school) | [81] | |
| Altitude, slope, stream order, catchment | Côte d’Ivoire | February 2000 | Survey prevalence (school) | [52,107] | |||
| Altitude, slope, drainage network | Landsat, Ikonos | Kenya | February 2000 | Snail/shell occurrence | [51] | ||
| Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR | Sierra Leone | February 2000 | Survey prevalence (school) | [99] | ||
| GTOPO30 spatial resolution: 30 sec (ca. 1 km) | Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR, Landsat | Uganda | 1994-1997 | Survey prevalence, Infection intensity (school/village) | [85] | |
| Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS, METEOSAT, Landsat | Côte d’Ivoire | 1994-1997 | [87,88] | |||
| Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR | Tanzania | 1994-1997 | Survey prevalence (school) | [89] | ||
| Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR | East Africa | 1994-1997 | Survey prevalence (school) | [90] | ||
| Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR | East Africa | 1994-1997 | Survey prevalence (school) | [91] | ||
| Altitude | MODIS | Côte d’Ivoire | 1994-1997 | Survey prevalence (school) | [104] | ||
| Altitude | MODIS | East Africa | 1994-1997 | Survey prevalence (school/community) | [106] | ||
