High
| | | | | | | | | | | |
[24]
|
Uganda
|
STH and Schistosomiasis
|
School-based
|
SAC
|
Annual
|
Y (Service provider)
|
2005
|
US$
|
Y
|
Y
|
The overall economic cost per child treated in the six districts was US$0.54, which ranged between the districts from US$0.41 to US$0.91 (delivery costs: US$0.19–0.69). The overall financial cost per child treated was US$0.39.
|
[25]
|
Haiti
|
STH and Lymphatic filariasis
|
Combination
|
Mass treatment (all persons greater than two years of age)
|
Annual
|
Y (Service provider)
|
2008–2009
|
US$
|
Y
|
Y
|
The economic cost was US$0.64 per person treated, which included the value of the donated drugs. The programme cost (which excluded the value of the donated drugs) was US$0.42 per person treated.
|
[26]
|
Niger
|
STH and Schistosomiasis
|
Combination
|
SAC and targeted adults
|
Annual
|
N
|
2005
|
US$
|
Y
|
Y
|
The total economic delivery cost of the school-based and community-based treatment was US$0.76, and US$0.46 respectively. Including only the programme costs and the values change to US$0.47 and US$0.41 respectively. The average drug (albendazole and praziquantel) cost was US$0.28 per treatment; not clear which results included the drugs costs.
|
[27]
|
Niger
|
STH, Schistosomiasis, Lymphatic filariasis, and Trachoma
|
Combination
|
SAC and adults (not clear if Pre-SAC were treated)
|
Annual
|
N
|
2009
|
US$
|
Y
|
Y
|
The average economic cost of integrated preventive chemotherapy was US$0.19 (excluding drug costs). The average financial cost per treatment of the vertical schistosomiasis and STH programme (before the NTD programmes integrated) was US$0.10.
|
Medium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
[19]
|
Lao PDR
|
STH within an immunisation and vitamin A supplementation campaign
|
Child Health Days
|
Pre SAC and women of child-bearing age (SAC were targeted though the national deworming campaign)
|
Annual
|
N
|
2009
|
US$
|
Y
|
Y
|
The incremental cost of adding deworming into the national immunisation campaign was US$0.03 per treatment (delivery costs: US$0.007). This is compared to US$0.23 per treatment for the vertical national school-based deworming campaign (targeting SAC).
|
[20]
|
Nigeria
|
STH, Schistosomiasis, Lymphatic filariasis, and Onchocerciasis
|
Community drug distributers (CDDs)
|
SAC for praziquantel and SAC and adults for ivermectin/albendazole
|
Annual
|
Y (Service provider)
|
2008–2009
|
US$
|
N
|
Y
|
In 2008, eight local government areas received a single round of ivermectin and albendazole followed at least one week later by praziquantel to SAC. The following year, a single round of triple drug administration was given. When using the latter the programmatic costs for MDA (not including drug and overhead costs), were reduced by 41.1 % (from US$0.078 to US$0.046 per treatment).
|
[22]
|
Ethiopia
|
STH
|
Child Health Days
|
Pre-SAC
|
One round
|
N
|
2006
|
US$
|
Y
|
Partial
|
The average cost per child reached by the Child Health Day programme was US$0.56 (per round) of which deworming was estimated to represent 29 % of the cost (US$0.162).
|
[23]
|
Uganda
|
STH within an vitamin A supplementation campaign
|
Child Health Days
|
SAC and Pre-SAC
|
One round
|
Y (Service provider)
|
2010
|
US$
|
Y
|
Partial#
|
The average cost per child reached by the Child Health Day programme was US$0.22 (per round) – including the cost of vitamin A.
|
# Although detailed itemised costs were provided they pertained to the Child Health Day programme as a whole (the purpose of that study) and not the deworming arm.
|
[21]
|
Based on data from Montserrat
|
STH
|
Mobile teams
|
Mass treatment
|
Not applicable
|
Y (Service provider)
|
1988
|
US$
|
N
|
Y
|
Presented in a cost menu.
|
[17]
|
Tanzania
|
STH
|
School-based
|
SAC
|
One round
|
Y (Service provider)
|
1996
|
US$
|
Y
|
Partial†
|
See [16]
|
[16]
|
Ghana and Tanzania
|
STH
|
School-based
|
SAC
|
One round
|
Y (Service provider)
|
1996
|
US$
|
Y
|
Partial†
|
The economic cost per treatment in Ghana, and Tanzania was US$0.27, and US$0.26 (delivery: US$0.07, and US$0.06), respectively. The financial cost per person treated in Ghana, and Tanzania was US$0.24, and US$0.023 (delivery: US$0.04, and US$0.03), respectively.
|
† Note that the results are artificially low because they did not include the external costs of the UK-based coordinating centre [39].
|
Low
| | | | | | | | | | | |
[37]
|
Seychelles
|
STH and other intestinal parasitic infections
|
Schools and (crèches for 3–5 year olds)
|
SAC and Pre-SAC (3–5 year olds)
|
Four monthly
|
N
|
1993–1994
|
US$
|
N
|
Y
|
The financial cost of the programme in 1994 was estimated to be US$0.40 per person treated; unclear if the start-up costs from 1993 were included or if this is a cost per round or per year.
|
[29]
|
India
|
STH (primarily Ascaris)
|
Mobile teams
|
Pre-SAC
|
Biannual (six monthly)
|
Y (Patient)
|
1995–1997
|
Indian Rupees (₹)
|
N
|
N
|
The incremental financial cost of treating 5,000 Pre-SAC with six monthly albendazole for two years was ₹122,091 (including the drug cost of ₹20 per dose).
|
[30]
|
Vietnam
|
STH (within a weekly iron-folic acid supplementation campaign)
|
Village health workers
|
Non-pregnant women of child-bearing age
|
four monthly in the first year and six monthly thereafter
|
Partial
|
2010
|
US$
|
N
|
Partial
|
The yearly financial cost of the programme was US$0.76 per woman treated; including the cost of weekly iron supplementation.
|
[74]
|
Egypt
|
STH, Schistosomiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections
|
Mobile teams
|
SAC
|
Annual
|
N
|
2000
|
US$
|
N
|
Partial
|
The incremental financial cost of STH control was US$0.07 per treatment (delivery costs: US$0.03), when integrated into the national schistosomiasis control programme.
|
[33]
|
Burundi
|
STH, Schistosomiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections
|
Mobile teams (via the school)
|
SAC (selective treatment)
|
Annual
|
N
|
1984–1992
|
US$
|
N
|
Partial
|
The financial cost per person protected in 1984–1985, 1989–1990, and 1991–1992 was US$2.7, US$1.2, and US$0.70, respectively. The reported costs per treatment related to only schistosomiasis.
|
[75]
|
Burkina Faso
|
STH and Schistosomiasis
|
Combination
|
SAC
|
One round
|
N
|
2004–2005
|
US$
|
N
|
Y
|
The financial cost per child treated was US$0.308 for the school-based component and US$0.33 for the community-based component (delivery: US$0.084, US$0.107 respectively).
|
[39]
|
Based on data from Tanzania
|
STH and Schistosomiasis
|
School-based
|
SAC
|
Not applicable
|
N
|
Not clear
|
US$
|
N
|
Y
|
Presented in a cost menu [39].
|
[31]
|
Nigeria
|
Ascaris
|
Mobile teams
|
Varied: A) selective treatment (treating the 20 % most heavily infected), B) targeted treatment to Pre-SAC and SAC and C) mass treatment to all (excluding <1 and pregnant women)
|
Three monthly
|
N
|
1989
|
Naira
|
N
|
Partial
|
The total financial costs (and delivery costs) were; A) Selective treatment: 2,491 (12,414), B) Targeted treatment: 3,956 (3,550), C) Mass treatment: 4,701 (3,809).
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
(Total costs are shown as it is misleading to compare the cost per treatment for a selective treatment strategy to that of mass/targeted treatment.)
|
[18]
|
Uganda
|
STH
|
School-based
|
SAC
|
Annual
|
Y (Service provider)
|
2004
|
US$
|
N
|
Partial‡
|
The estimated financial cost per treatment in the four districts ranged from US$0.063 to S$0.105 (delivery costs: US$0.04 to US$0.08). ‡ These cost estimates do not include the start-up costs or those incurred at the central level.
|
[32]
|
Bangladesh
|
STH
|
Mobile teams
|
First dose mass (i.e. children and household members) other doses just children (2–8 years old)
|
Varied: See legend (Treatment frequency Note 1)
|
Y (Service provider)
|
Not clear
|
Takas (৳)
|
N
|
Partial
|
Project cost per household: A) ৳301 B) ৳1,897 C) ৳332 D) ৳1,909
|
[28]
|
Nepal
|
STH within an vitamin A supplementation campaign
|
Child Health Days
|
Pre-SAC
|
Biannual
|
NA
|
NA
|
US$
|
NA
|
NA
|
An additional US$80,000 (4 % of the total cost of the vitamin A campaign) covered the cost of biannual deworming).
|
[62]
|
Zanzibar
|
STH and Schistosomiasis
|
School-based (“sibling approach*”)
|
Non-enrolled SAC
|
One round
|
N
|
2000
|
US$
|
N
|
N
|
The costs linked to drug transport, training and drug administration were not increased by the inclusion of non-enrolled children. Therefore, the additional financial cost of including non-enrolled SAC using the sibling approach” consisted only of the extra drugs treatments needed. It was noted that a negligible additional cost may be incurred for storage of leftover drugs.
|
*Enrolled children invited tell parents, siblings and friends of school-age when the next deworming day is.
|
[76]
|
Myanmar
|
STH
|
School-based
|
SAC
|
One round
|
N
|
Not clear
|
US$
|
N
|
Y
|
A crude calculation estimated that the financial cost per treatment was approximately US$0.05 (delivery: US$0.03).
|
[77]
|
Vietnam
|
STH
|
School-based
|
SAC
|
Annual
|
N
|
Not clear
|
US$
|
N
|
Y
|
The financial costs per treatment in 2000–2001, 2002–2003, and 2005–2006 were US$0.71, US$0.11, and US$0.03 (delivery: US$0.683, US$0.0857 and US$0.0128) respectively.
|
[78]
|
Yemen
|
STH and Schistosomiasis
|
Combination (school-based for SAC and CDDs/health workers for adults and non-enrolled SAC)
|
SAC and adults
|
Annual
|
N
|
2008–2009
|
US$
|
N
|
Y
|
The financial cost per person treated in 2008, and 2009 was US$0.79, and US$0.66 (delivery: US$0.44 and US$0.37), respectively.
|
[36]
|
Lao PDR
|
STH
|
School-based
|
SAC
|
Biannual
|
N
|
2007
|
US$
|
N
|
Y
|
In the provinces treating twice a year the financial cost (capital costs not annualised) was US$0.23 per child per year, while in provinces treating once a year the cost was US$0.17 per child per year.
|
[35]
|
Cambodia
|
STH
|
School-based
|
SAC
|
Biannual
|
N
|
2003–2004
|
US$
|
N
|
Y
|
The financial cost per treatment in 2003 and 2004 was US$0.122, and US$0.057 (delivery: US$0.096 and US$0.033), respectively.
|
[34]
|
Notional
|
STH and Schistosomiasis
|
Mobile teams (via the school)
|
SAC
|
Annual
|
N
|
Not clear
|
US$
|
N
|
N
|
Treating for ten years would cost between US$8 and US$18 per child (US$0.8- US$1.8 per year). (Assumes that four treatments of praziquantel and eight of albendazole are given in the ten year period.
|