Table 3 List of key studies of bovine Babesia/babesiosis in Pakistan
From: Tick-borne diseases of bovines in Pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control
Pathogen (s) detected | Host (s) | Location (s) | Study population and sampling design | Sampling period | Detection method (s) | Percentage of test positive animals (proportion) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cattle | Buffaloes | |||||||
Babesia sp. | Buffaloes, cattle (local breeds) | Karachi | Healthy animals slaughtered in abattoir; convenient | Sep 1984 to Feb 1985 | Blood smear | 4.2 (4/95) | 1.4 (3/219) | [51] |
Babesia sp. | Buffaloes, cattle (local breeds) | Hyderabad | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Oct 1990 to Dec 1991 | Blood smear | 1 (1/100) | 1 (1/100) | [40] |
Babesia sp. | Buffaloes, cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Attock, Islamabad | Healthy animals from public livestock farms; convenient | Sep 1999 to May 2001 | Blood smear | 0.65 (2/307) | 0 (0/155) | [41] |
B. bigemina | Cattle (local breeds) | Peshawar | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | 2001 | Blood smear | 1 Bbi: 1.75 (5/285) | Not applicable (NA) | [42] |
B. bovis | 2 Bbo: 2.80 (8/285) | |||||||
Babesia sp. | Cattle (Friesian and Jersey) | Kasur | Healthy animals from a public livestock farm; convenient | Jul 2003 to Jun 2004 | Blood smear | Holstein: 2.5 (5/200) | NA | [43] |
Jersey: 2.5 (5/200) | ||||||||
B. bigemina | Cattle (local breeds) | Malakand Agency | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | - | Blood smear | 5.2 (42/794) | NA | [52] |
Babesia sp. | Cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Malakand Agency | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | - | Blood smear | 6.6 (73/1100) | NA | [53] |
B. bigemina | Friesian cattle | Kasur | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | - | Blood smear, | 3BS: Bbi = 6 (6/100); Bbo = 3 (3/100) | NA | [7] |
B. bovis | PCR | |||||||
4PCR: Bbi = 13 (13/100); Bbo = 7 (7/100) | ||||||||
Babesia sp. | Cattle (cross-bred calves) | Sahiwal | Healthy animals from a public livestock and local private dairy farms; convenient | May to Jul 2005 | Blood smear | 7.2 (30/415) | NA | [54] |
B. bigemina | Cattle (cross-bred) | Sahiwal | Healthy animals from a public livestock farm; convenient | Jun to Aug 2005 | Blood smear, PCR | BS: 18 (18/100) | NA | [49] |
B. bovis | PCR: 29 (29/100); Bbi = 18 (18/100); Bbo = 11 (11/100) | |||||||
B. bovis | Buffaloes, cattle (local breeds) | Bahawalnagar, Bhakar, Layyah, Multan, | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Jan to Aug 2010 | Blood smear, PCR | BS: 2.7 (4/144) | PCR: 23.1 (9/39) | [50] |
PCR: 17.1 (18/105) | ||||||||
Muzaffar Garh, Vehari | ||||||||
B. bovis | Buffaloes | Karachi | Healthy animals from the Landhi Dairy Colony; convenient | Apr to Oct 2011 | Blood smear | N/A | 3 (3/100) | [46] |
B. bigemina | Cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Sargodha | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; multi-stage cluster random | Aug 2008 to Jul 2009 | Blood smear | 6.57 (23/350) | NA | [47] |
5Mixed: 1.7 (6/350) | ||||||||
B. bigemina | Cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Khushab, Rawalpindi, Sargodha | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Sep 2009 to Aug 2010 | Blood smear | 4.8 (50/1050) | NA | [48] |
B. bigemina | Cattle (local breeds) | Charsadda, Swabi | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Jan 2010 to Dec 2011 | Blood smear | Bbi = 19 (19/100); Bbo = 11 (11/100) | NA | [55] |
B. bovis | ||||||||