Electrophysiological and behavioral characterization of bioactive compounds of the Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon winterianus, Cuminum cyminum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oils against Anopheles gambiae and prospects for their use as bednet treatments

Table 5 Residual efficacy of the net treatment on Anopheles gambiae^a

Product^b	Time (h)	n	Alive			Knocked-down		Killed
Product^b	Time (h)	n	T	NT	Irritated^c	T	NT	T	NT
Control	0	66	92.4	6.1	6.2	0.0	0.0	1.5	0.0
Geraniol	0	61	26.2	45.9	63.7	11.5	0.0	16.4	0.0
Geraniol	3	65	46.2	38.5	45.5	3.1	0.0	12.3	0.0
Geraniol	6	66	62.1	34.8	35.9	3.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Geraniol	9	72	52.8	30.6	36.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Control	9	65	90.8	7.7	7.8	0.0	0.0	1.5	0.0
p-value (model estimate)^d				0.005 (−0.1)
Control	0	62	90.3	9.7	9.7	0.0	0.0	0	0.0
Cinnamaldehyde	0	62	0.0	6.5	100.0	0.0	11.3	64.5	17.7
Cinnamaldehyde	3	66	10.6	15.2	58.9	0.0	6.1	48.5	19.7
Cinnamaldehyde	6	61	1.6	18	91.8	1.6	18.0	42.6	18.0
Cinnamaldehyde	9	66	0.0	22.7	100.0	1.5	12.1	30.3	18.2
Control	9	62	87.1	9.7	10	0.0	0.0	3.2	0.0
p-value (model estimate)				0.050 (0.3)
Control	0	63	92.1	6.3	6.4	0.0	0.0	1.6	0.0
Carvacrol	0	61	1.6	1.6	50.0	0.0	9.8	83.6	3.3
Carvacrol	3	67	3.0	14.9	83.2	3.0	14.9	50.7	13.4
Carvacrol	6	65	6.2	10.8	63.5	9.2	30.8	38.5	4.6
Carvacrol	9	64	15.6	9.4	37.6	15.6	3.1	35.9	4.7
control	9	71	78.9	18.3	18.8	0.0	0.0	2.8	0
p-value (model estimate)				0.050 (−0.3)
Control	0	65	92.3	6.2	6.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.5
Cuminaldehyde	0	67	14.9	23.9	61.6	14.9	7.5	17.9	20.9
Cuminaldehyde	3	59	33.9	61.0	64.3	0.0	0.0	5.1	0.0
Cuminaldehyde	6	71	49.3	38.0	43.5	0.0	0.0	8.5	4.2
Cuminaldehyde	9	74	62.2	21.6	25.8	0.0	0.0	1.4	0.0
Control	9	64	89.1	10.9	10.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
p-value (model estimate)				<0.001 (-0.2)

^aProportion of 4- to 7-day-old, non-blood-fed, sugar-fed, females Kisumu strain that were alive, knocked down, and killed by the four tested products after 0, 3, 6 and 9 h of the net treatment in treated and non treated chambers
^bgeraniol (0.023 μl/cm²), cinnamaldehyde (0.079 μl/cm²), carvacrol (0.014 μl/cm²) and cuminaldehyde (0.030 μl/cm²)
^cproportion of alive escaped mosquito
^dP-value and model estimate of the generalized linear model of the time on the mosquito repellency

ISSN: 1756-3305