Fig. 2From: Anopheles stephensi p38 MAPK signaling regulates innate immunity and bioenergetics during Plasmodium falciparum infectionPhosphorylation of AsP38 MAPK increased in response to LPS in vitro and to P. falciparum infection in vivo. (a, c) Cell lysates from ASE cells treated with 1 μg/ml LPS were collected at the indicated time points post-treatment and levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK (pP38) were determined by western blotting. Graph in (a) represents average fold change ± SEMs of pP38 protein levels normalized to untreated controls, n = 3-4. GAPDH provided an assessment of protein loading. Pairwise comparisons of treatments versus controls at each time point were analysed by Student’s t-test, significant p-values are shown. (c) is a representative western blot. (b, d) Midgut cell lysates from 3-5 day old female A. stephensi mosquitoes fed uninfected or P. falciparum-infected blood were collected at 30 min and 3 h post feeding and levels of pP38 were determined by western blotting. Graph in (b) represents average fold change ± SEMs of pP38 protein levels normalized to uninfected blood fed controls, n = 3. Dotted line represents pP38 levels in uninfected blood fed controls. Pairwise comparisons of treatments versus controls at each time point were analysed by Student’s t-test, significant p-values relative to control are shown. (d) is a representative western blotBack to article page