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Table 3 Multivariable associations between WASH conditions and STH infectiona among school children in Kenya, 2012 (n = 4,931)

From: Associations between school- and household-level water, sanitation and hygiene conditions and soil-transmitted helminth infection among Kenyan school children

 

OR

95 % CI

p

Individual and household variables

Shoe-wearing

0.85

0.73, 0.99

0.03

Soil-eating behaviour

1.11

0.91, 1.34

0.29

Improved water source available†

0.92

0.78, 1.08

0.31

Toilet/latrine available

0.75

0.60, 0.93

<0.01

Hand-washing facilities with soap and water availability

1.22

1.01, 1.48

0.04

Tissue/water always available for anal cleansing

0.97

0.83, 1.15

0.76

School variables

Improved water source available†

0.66

0.43, 1.00

0.05

VIP sanitation facility

0.53

0.31, 0.90

0.02

Pupil per latrine ratio¶

0.98

0.94, 1.02

0.36

Hand-washing facility with soap and water availability

0.57

0.35, 0.92

0.02

Drinking water always available

0.95

0.66, 1.38

0.80

Tissue/water always available for anal cleansing

0.36

0.16, 0.82

0.01

Latrine sanitation: latrine cleanliness§

0.99

0.85, 1.15

0.87

Latrine sanitation: structural integrity§

0.88

0.74, 1.03

0.12

  1. aDefined as infection by at least one of the following: hookworm, A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura. †Improved sources are defined by the UNICEF/WHO joint monitoring programme (wssinfo.org). ¶OR and IRR represents the change in infection for each ten unit increase in a school’s pupil per latrine ratio. §Higher score indicates greater cleanliness/structural integrity. Bold italicized associations indicate a significant association at p < .05. p-values based on random effects logistic regression (infection) and random effects negative binomial regression (infection intensity). Models control for province, pupil demographics (age, sex, number of people living in the pupil’s household, and household wealth); climate/ecology (temperature, precipitation, land cover, population density); and the number of students in the pupil’s school