How do species, population and active ingredient influence insecticide susceptibility in Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of veterinary importance?

Table 1 Susceptibility values (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ expressed in % of active ingredient) of Culicoides nubeculosus from French colony to different active ingredients. Mortality was recorded 24 h after 1 h exposure to different concentrations

Active ingredient	No. test	LC₅₀ %	LC₉₀ %
Active ingredient	(n)	(95 % CI)	(95 % CI)
Deltamethrin	4	0.0003	0.0019
	(2,528)	(0.0001–0.0004)	(0.0012–0.0043)
Alpha-cypermethrin	3	0.0016	0.0199
	(1,883)	NA	NA
Permethrin	3	0.0102	0.1045
	(2,055)	(0.0080–0.0117)	(0.0849–0.1337)
Chlorpyrifos-methyl	4	0.0725	0.1661
	(1,803)	NA	NA
Phoxim	3	0.1532	0.2759
	(1,965)	(0.1143–0.2091)	(0.2036–0.5761)
Diazinon	4	0.1839	0.3317
	(1,527)	(0.0800–0.2747)	(0.2347–0.4333)

No test number of tests performed, n number of individuals tested, CI confidence interval, NA confidence interval not computed due to a large variability in the dose/response effect