Emergence of multi-acaricide resistant Rhipicephalus ticks and its implication on chemical tick control in Uganda

Vudriko, Patrick; Okwee-Acai, James; Tayebwa, Dickson Stuart; Byaruhanga, Joseph; Kakooza, Steven; Wampande, Edward; Omara, Robert; Muhindo, Jeanne Bukeka; Tweyongyere, Robert; Owiny, David Okello; Hatta, Takeshi; Tsuji, Naotoshi; Umemiya-Shirafuji, Rika; Xuan, Xuenan; Kanameda, Masaharu; Fujisaki, Kozo; Suzuki, Hiroshi

doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1278-3

Table 3 Percentage mortality of larvae against various classes of acaricides determined with LPT

From: Emergence of multi-acaricide resistant Rhipicephalus ticks and its implication on chemical tick control in Uganda

District	Farm/Pop. ID	Tick species	% Mortality (Mean ± SEM)
			Amitraz (mg/ml)		Cypermethrin (mg/ml)		Deltamethrin (mg/ml)		Chlorfenvinphos (mg/ml)		Chlorfenvinphos/cypermethrin (COF) (mg/ml)
			0.25	0.5	0.05	0.1	0.05	0.1	0.5	1.0	0.3/0.03	0.6/0.06
Kampala	C1	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0
Wakiso	C2	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	14.7 ± 0.4	100 ± 0.0
	C3	B. decol.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	67.5 ± 0.5	94.5 ± 0.5	21.0 ± 5.0	39.0 ± 3.0
Mubende	C4	B. decol.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	70.4 ± 0.7	93.7 ± 0.8
Mpigi	C5	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	11.0 ± 0.0	11.5 ± 0.5	0	12.5 ± 2.5	82.5 ± 5.5	100 ± 0.0	79.0 ± 1	87.5 ± 2.5
Kiboga	C6	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	98.85 ± 1.2	100 ± 0.0
Gulu	N1	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0
	N2	A. vari.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0
Mbarara	W1	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0
	W2	B. decol.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	50.6 ± 2.7	92.5 ± 0.6	0	19.6 ± 0.4
	W3	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	71.0 ± 0.0	92.0 ± 0.5
	W4	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	6.8 ± 1.1	36.6 ± 7	0	46.5 ± 11.5	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	93.95 ± 0.9	100 ± 0.0
Kiruhura	W5	B. decol.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	68.7 ± 3.8	76.50 ± 9.8	25.05 ± 0.6	57.1 ± 11.3
	W6	B. decol.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	19.7 ± 10.3	74.45 ± 3.9	91.2 ± 4.0	62.7 ± 5.7	93.3 ± 2.9
	W7	H. leach.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0
	W8	B. decol.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	66.5 ± 2.2	76.3 ± 0.7
	W9	B. decol.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	56.0 ± 1	65 ± 2.5
Bushenyi	W10	B. decol.	68.1 ± 1.9	74.5 ± 1.5	0	10.8 ± 1.5	0	16.3 ± 2.5	92 ± 0.5	96.7 ± 0.9	96.2 ± 1.6	98.8 ± 0
	W11	B. decol.	100 ± 0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	80.2 ± 0.15	100 ± 0.0	49.3 ± 2.7	60.0 ± 1.6
Mitoma	W12	B. decol.	100 ± 0	100 ± 0	5.0 ± 0.0	13.5 ± 1.5	8.0 ± 3.0	15.5 ± .5	100 ± 0	100 ± 0	53.5 ± 0.5	100 ± 0
	W13	B. decol.	41.5 ± 0.5	62.5 ± 1.5	65.5 ± 1.5	72.0 ± 2.0	73.5 ± 1.5	91.5 ± 2.5	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0
	W14	B. decol.	45.0 ± 1.0	NT	NT	NT	NT	NT	NT	NT	NT	NT
Sheema	W15	B. decol.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	56.7 ± 0.9	62.7 ± 2.4
Rukungiri	W16	B. decol.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	95.8 ± 0.3	100 ± 0.0
	W17	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0
	W18	R. app.	15.4 ± 0.1	16.7 ± 1.3	97.7 ± 0.5	100 ± 0.0	98.3 ± 0.1	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0
	W19	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	10.7 ± 0.4	23.2 ± 1.9	12.0 ± 1.3	27.9 ± 0.7	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0
Sembabule	W20	B. decol.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	15.0 ± 1.0	26.0 ± 3.0	15.5 ± 0.5	24.0 ± 2.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	88.5 ± 0.5	95.0 ± 0.0
	W21	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0
	W22	R. app.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	0	0	0	0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0
Serere	E1	B. decol.	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	79.2 ± 4.7	91.7 ± 1.1	78.7 ± 6.1	95.0 ± 1.9	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0	100 ± 0.0

R. app. (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus); B. decol. (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus); A. vari. (Amblyoma variegatum); H.leach (Haemaphysalis leachi);COF, coformulation; NT not tested due to few larvae, Pop Tick population; N1 and N2 are two tick population collected from abattoir (designated as “one farm” for purpose of this study)

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