Fig. 4
Significant impacts of the host co-infestation pattern in Hyalomma spp abundance. The minimal models (i.e., involving factors with significant effects; P < 0.05) are indicated: sh refers to the seasonal abundance variations of Hyalomma spp while A and Rm describe the presence or absence of co-infestation by A. variegatum and R. microplus, respectively. The histograms refer to the observed distributions. The indications ‘alone’, ‘+X’ or ‘+ both’ refer to the absence of competitors on the individual-host, or the presence of one or both co-infesting taxa, respectively