Fig. 5
From: Calmodulin disruption impacts growth and motility in juvenile liver fluke
Calmodulin (CaM) RNA interference (RNAi) triggers aberrant growth and motility phenotypes in juvenile Fasciola hepatica, which are recapitulated by a CaM antagonising drug. a Fluke assayed for serum-stimulated growth (in RPMI + 20 % foetal bovine serum, FBS) at 7 days post double stranded (ds)RNA exposure show inhibited growth in individual and combinatorial FhCaM dsRNA treatments vs controls; (b) this phenotype is recapitulated, over the same time period, by incubation in 0.5 μM or 1 μM trifluoperazine (TFP), an antagonist of CaM; (c) combinatorially-treated dsFhCaM1-3 fluke show increased migration through an agar-based dispersal assay vs controls at 10 days post dsRNA exposure; (d) increased migration following CaM inhibition is also seen where worms are treated with TFP. In a and b, data points represent area measurements from individual worms. In c and d, each data point represents an individual assay plate, where 10 worms were measured per plate. Horizontal lines represent dataset means. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001