Table 3 The Effect of Climatic Factors and Seasonality on M. sorbens Abundance. Low Quality Studies
From: The impact of climate on the abundance of Musca sorbens, the vector of trachoma
Reference and Study Location | Fly Outcome | Methods | Results | Climatic or Seasonal Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Author(s): Ponghis (1957) [36] | Adult abundance | Collection type: Traps (type unstated) | Mean monthly catches were highest in June and October, when M. sorbens comprised 1 % and 30 %, respectively, in relation to M domestica. From databases: June: average max temp 24 °C, Oct 25 °C; June av ppt 1 mm; Oct 26 mm). | M. sorbens abundance was greatest in spring and autumn (i.e., just before and after the hottest, driest months). Heat and dryness had an unfavourable effect on fly multiplication. No statistical measures. |
Location: 2 villages, Southern Morocco | Frequency: 1 x / week, June – December (1956) | |||
Other details: Traps baited with human faeces, fruit, or vegetables. Precautions taken to eliminate effects of secondary factors (e.g., timing of trap deployment). | ||||
Author(s): Miranpuri and Lahkar (1980) [35] | Adult abundance | Collection type: Fly nets | M. sorbens numbers appear to peak between July - October, with the highest peaks in August (end of hot- wet season) and September (start of dry-hot season). From databases: April: Av max temp: 28 °C and av ppt 3 mm. June Av max temp: 35 °C and av ppt 0 mm August Av max temp 31 °C, av ppt: 462 mm. | M. sorbens abundance was greatest towards the end of the hot, wet season and the beginning of the dry-hot season. No statistical measures. |
Frequency: 4 x / month, 2 h twice per day (8–10 am; 13–15 pm); 1974–5 (exact period unstated). | ||||
Location: Cattle sheds, Assam, India | ||||
Author(s): Amin et al. (1998) [30] | Adult abundance | Collection type: Cone traps | Relative distribution of fly species by season. Mean monthly catches were highest in April, February and August, and lowest in November, September and July. From databases: April: Av max temp: 28 °C and av ppt 3 mm. June Av max temp: 35 °C and av ppt 0 mm | M. sorbens accounted for 8.5 % of all flies caught throughout the year. M sorbens demonstrated two seasonal peaks, in April and June, when it was the second or third most populous species caught. No statistical measures. |
Frequency: 1 x / month, December 1994 – November 1995 | ||||
Location: Al Amargh, Cairo (outskirts), Egypt. | Other details: Traps baited with meat, fish, or liver “near fly breeding sites”. | |||
Author(s): Khan et al. (1965) [32] | Adult abundance | Collection type: Method not stated | M. sorbens is “essentially a fly of the plains, being entirely absent at higher elevations”. In Chandigargh (387.5 m), for instance, it comprised over 78 % of flies caught whereas in Simla (2202 m) none were caught. | M. sorbens was not found at high altitude (>2000 m), a proxy for low temperature. No statistical measures. |
Frequency: 3 x / day, 30 min each (duration not provided) | ||||
Location: India (National Study) | Other details: Altitude (m) per location: 11 m (Bombay) - >2000 m (Simla). | |||
Author(s): Rechav (1989) [37] | Adult abundance | Collection type: Hand net | M. sorbens accounted for 1.6 % of all flies caught. | M. sorbens abundance was greatest in late winter / early spring, but were not abundant at any time in this study. No statistical measures. |
Frequency: 1 x month, collected between 11 am – 12 pm each day over 14 months (years unstated). | M. sorbens numbers peak in August/September. None were caught in many months outside this season. From databases: August av max temp: 22 °C and av ppt 5 mm; September av max temp: 25 °C and av ppt 20 mm | |||
Location: Cattle sheds, Transvaal, South Africa | Other details: 10 ml of fresh blood was poured on 12 cows. | |||
Author(s): Sukhova (1963) [38] | Adult abundance | Collection type: Fly traps | M sorbens displayed two seasonal peaks (summer, autumn). In the north, M sorbens peaked in summer only. From databases: Hottest summer months June to August: Av max temp: 35–36 °C and av ppt 33–38 mm. | No numbers only figures provided. No statistical measures. |
Location: South, Southwest and Northern Turkey. | Frequency: Time / duration not provided; day and night trapping reported. | |||
Author(s): Tawfik (1969) [39] N | Adult abundance | Collection type: Wire mesh cone traps | Daily temperature: M. sorbens numbers were highest on days with average daily temperatures of 26–26.7 °C; in summer, M. sorbens numbers peaked between 6 and 7 am, and 5 and 7 pm whereas in winter, M sorbens numbers peaked at 8 am then rose with temperature to peak at 12 pm. | M. sorbens abundance was greatest at higher temperatures i.e., 22–23C. No statistical measures. |
Location: Cairo (outskirts), Egypt. | Frequency: 2 x / month, hourly catches on two consecutive days | |||
Other details: Traps baited with rotten fish. | ||||
Season/temperature/humidity: M sorbens numbers were highest in spring (April), corresponding to mean temperature of 22.9 °C and RH 38 %; second peak in autumn (October) with temperature 22.8 °C and RH of 56 %. | ||||
Author(s): Hafez and Attia (1958) [21] | Adult abundance | Collection type: method not reported | Mean monthly catches were highest in April, February and August, and lowest in November, September and July. | M. sorbens abundance was greatest in spring and summer and were lowest in winter. No statistical measures. |
Frequency: 1 x / week, entire year (1957) | ||||
Location: Cairo (outskirts), Egypt. | Other details: Flies ‘attracted to children’s’ eyes’ were collected. | |||
Author(s): Koe (1975) | Adult abundance | Collection type: Traps (method not reported) | M. sorbens numbers appear to peak in August, and are lowest in April. It was the fourth most populous species caught. | M. sorbens abundance was greatest in late summer. No statistical measures. |
Location: 1 county, Central China | Frequency: 1 x / month, April - November 1963 | |||
Other details: Fermented bran and sugar bait-trap method. | ||||
Author(s): Wang at al. (2000) [40] | Adult abundance | Collection type: Cylindrical traps | M. sorbens was the first most populous species caught in 1998 and the second in 1999. | M. sorbens abundance was greatest summer and autumn. No statistical measures. |
Frequency: 3 x / month, June to November (1998) and March to November (1999), between 8 am to 4 pm | ||||
Location: Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, Southern China | Other details: traps baited with fish, fermented bean curd and sugar. | Mean monthly catches were highest in October1998 and August 1999. | ||
Author(s): Liu at al. (2010) [34] | Adult abundance | Collection type: Traps (method not reported) | Mean monthly catches appear to peak from June to August, with the highest peaks in July. | M. sorbens was the most populous species caught accounting for 48.7 % of all flies caught. No statistical measures. |
Location: Ankang City, Shaanxi Province, Western China | Frequency: Time and duration of catches unknown, January - December 2008. | |||
Author(s): He at al. (2011) [31] | Adult abundance | Collection type: Conical traps | M. sorbens accounted for 1.97 % of all flies caught, but peaked in November and January. | M. sorbens numbers appeared to peak in November, and were lowest in January. No statistical measures. |
Location: Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province, Southern China | Frequency: 1 x / month, September 2005 - August 2010 | |||
Other details: Traps baited with vinegar and sugar; deployed 9 am–12 pm and 3–4 pm. |