Fig. 2

Reconstruction of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)-like signalling (IIS) pathway of Haemonchus contortus. Four insulin-like peptides (ILPs) are encoded in H. contortus (orange) compared with 40 in Caenorhabditis elegans. All core functional gene products (green) of the IIS pathway, except for AKT-2 and DDL-2 (grey), are encoded in H. contortus. Additional transcription factors activated downstream of the IIS pathway, such as SKN-1 and HSF-1, are also predicted in H. contortus. Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP₃) is the product of the class I phosphoinostide 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases) phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP₂); it is a phospholipid in the plasma membrane. Phosphorylation represented by P (yellow). The insulin pathway controls the transcription of various genes, and regulates key processes, including dauer formation, longevity, stress resistance and morphogenesis, as well as other pathways such as TGF-β and involving other key transcription factors