Fig. 5

Functional analysis of PbPH during parasite development. a Mice were infected with P. berghei or Δpbph parasite and parasitemia was monitored for 11 days. b Gametocytemias in mice infected with wild-type (WT) and Δpbph parasites. **P < 0.01 (Mann–Whitney U test). c Female: male gametocyte ratios of WT and Δpbph parasites. d Exflagellation of male gametocytes in WT and Δpbph parasites. **P < 0.01 (Student’s t test). e Ookinete numbers in WT and Δpbph parasites. **P < 0.01 (Student’s t test). The error bars in B-E indicate mean ± SEM (n = 5). f Oocyst numbers per midgut in mosquitoes fed on WT and Δpbph parasites. **P < 0.01 (Mann–Whitney U test). The horizontal bars indicate the mean number of oocysts per midgut (± SEM). All the data in the functional analysis of PbPH are representative of three independent experiments