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Table 3 Actual and estimated species richness for 18 fixed-streams along an altitudinal gradient in Peninsular Malaysia. Numbers in parentheses indicate sampling efficiencya

From: Distribution pattern of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) assemblages along an altitudinal gradient in Peninsular Malaysia

Altitudes

Actual species

Mean richness (± SE)

Chao estimates

First Order Jackknife

All

35

3.15 ± 2.00

41.3 ± 2.08 (84.7)

39.8 ± 1.95 (87.9)

Low altitude

E1

13

2.52 ± 0.35

13.7 ± 1.10 (94.8)

16.8 ± 1.78 (77.4)

E2

15

3.43 ± 0.31

24.0 ± 7.69 (62.5)

21.7 ± 3.22 (69.1)

E3

15

3.50 ± 0.28

23.0 ± 8.31 (65.2)

19.8 ± 1.90 (75.7)

E4

8

3.21 ± 0.41

8.4 ± 0.95 (95.1)

8.95 ± 0.96 (89.4)

E5

12

4.30 ± 0.52

12.1 ± 0.92 (99.2)

12.9 ± 0.96 (93.0)

E6

14

4.64 ± 0.48

16.0 ± 3.01 (87.5)

16.9 ± 1.59 (82.8)

Middle altitude

E7

16

5.35 ± 0.67

18.0 ± 3.01 (88.8)

17.9 ± 1.33 (89.4)

E8

12

2.33 ± 0.40

16.1 ± 11.5 (74.5)

17.7 ± 2.07 (67.8)

E9

14

2.65 ± 0.33

20.3 ± 5.89 (68.9)

18.8 ± 1.95 (74.5)

E10

5

2.67 ± 0.67

7.0 ± 3.01 (71.4)

7.8 ± 2.87 (64.1)

E11

11

3.21 ± 0.32

13.6 ± 7.78 (80.9)

13.9 ± 1.59 (79.1)

High altitude

E12

11

3.44 ± 0.35

13.4 ± 0.60 (82.1)

12.9 ± 1.32 (85.2)

E13

16

3.34 ± 0.43

22.3 ± 5.89 (71.7)

20.8 ± 2.40 (76.9)

E14

13

3.36 ± 0.50

16.5 ± 5.66 (78.8)

17.8 ± 2.39 (73.0)

E15

13

2.83 ± 0.28

14.7 ± 6.17 (88.4)

20.7 ± 3.29 (62.8)

E16

4

1.69 ± 0.15

4.1 ± 0.37 (97.5)

4.09 ± 0.09 (97.8)

E17

7

1.29 ± 0.18

11.0 ± 1.03 (63.6)

11.2 ± 3.83 (62.5)

E18

10

1.76 ± 0.42

14.2 ± 6.82 (70.4)

16.1 ± 1.95 (62.1)

  1. aSampling efficiency was calculated by dividing the number of actual species sampled by the number of estimated species [36]