Fig. 1

Time-to-knockdown survival curves for Lu. longipalpis to bendiocarb (a) and fenitrothion (b) and for P. papatasi to bendiocarb (c) and fenitrothion (d). For each graph, the thick lines represent the time-response for doses that are considered diagnostic doses. At each time point of the thick lines the error bars show the standard error of the mean percent mortality, across the four bottle replicates. Error bars are only displayed on the diagnostic dose lines for visual clarity. The shaded region of each graph designates a window of time (30, 35, 40, 45 or 60 minutes) that can be considered diagnostic times for diagnostic doses