Table 1 Protection levels (% of reduction, R) in worm recovery (total counts, females and males), hepatic damage extension (mm²/100 mm²) and number of eggs per gram (EPG) in the tissues in vaccinated BALB/c mice using natural and recombinant FABP (nFh12, rFh15 or rFh15b) formulated with the adjuvant adaptation (ADAD) vaccination system with the natural immunomodulator PAL or the synthetic AA0029. Data presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. ANOVA F- and P-values, and post-hoc Tukey’s honest significance test P values of significant increases are included

Infected

36.3 ± 4.9

–

19.7 ± 2.9

–

16.6 ± 2.0

–

64.1 ± 7.1

–

17,432 ± 3,586

–

14,812 ± 3,934

–

PAL+Qs

23.4 ± 2.5

36

12.4 ± 1.4

37

11.1 ± 1.0

33

74.4 ± 6.4

NR

16,551 ± 2,620

5

17,367 ± 2,277

NR

PAL+Qs+nFh12

6.0 ± 1.7 P < 0.001^a

83

3.6 ± 1.0 P < 0.001^a

82

2.1 ± 0.8 P < 0.001^a

87

9.4 ± 3.0 P < 0.001^a

85

3,089 ± 1,001 P = 0.001^a

82

1,186 ± 523 P < 0.001^a

92

ANOVA

F _(2,24) = 23.39 P < 0.001

F _(2,24) = 18.49 P < 0.001

F _(2,24) = 30.13 P < 0.001

F _(2,24) = 39.41 P < 0.001

F _(2,24) = 10.27 P < 0.001

F _(3,32) = 16.31 P < 0.001

Infected

49.0 ± 6.1

–

24.0 ± 7.3

–

25.0 ± 8.8

–

61.2 ± 8.3

–

18,008 ± 2,362

-

18,197 ± 2,079

–

PAL+Qs

31.6 ± 3.4

35

18.6 ± 2.1

22

13.5 ± 1.2

46

71.0 ± 6.2

NR

17,098 ± 2,706

5

21,700 ± 2,968

NR

PAL+Qs+rFh15

21.8 ± 2.5 P = 0.006^a

56

9.0 ± 1.2 P < 0.001^a

63

12.8 ± 1.5 P < 0.001^a

49

18.7 ± 2.2 P < 0.001^a

69

14,247 ± 668

21

12,724 ± 488

30

ANOVA

F _(2,24) = 9.04 P < 0.001

F _(2,24) = 13.80 P < 0.001

F _(2,24) = 9.93 P < 0.001

F _(2,24) = 18.37 P < 0.001

Infected

34.5 ± 6.9

–

18.0 ± 3.6

–

16.5 ± 3.4

–

61.8 ± 14.4

–

9,986 ± 2,360

–

7,748 ± 1,315

–

AA0029+Qs

42.5 ± 8.0

NR

20.0 ± 4.4

NR

22.5 ± 3.9

NR

77.0 ± 19.0

NR

13,242 ± 1,597

NR

8,084 ± 775

NR

AA0029+Qs+rFh15

12.5 ± 3.8 P = 0.046^a

64

5.5 ± 2.0 P = 0.011^a

69

7.0 ± 2.0 P = 0.041^a

58

20.6 ± 14.0 P = 0.049^a

67

3,872 ± 1,814 P = 0.024^a

61

1,800 ± 730 P = 0.001^a

77

AA0029+Qs+rFh15b

25.1 ± 7.8

27

10.1 ± 3.2 P = 0.021^a

44

15.0 ± 4.8

9

15.2 ± 7.1 P = 0.048^a

75

4,692 ± 1,181 P = 0.035^a

53

3,098 ± 800 P = 0.001^a

60

ANOVA

F _(3,32) = 3.09 P = 0.047

F _(3,32) = 3.75 P = 0.026

F _(3,32) = 2.97 P = 0.048

F _(3,32) = 4.05 P = 0.007

F _(3,32) = 4.25 P = 0.003

F _(3,32) = 11.61 P < 0.001