Fig. 3From: The sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis LL5 embryonic cell line has active Toll and Imd pathways and shows immune responses to bacteria, yeast and Leishmania Relative gene expression of the immune pathways repressors, transcription factors and AMPs determined by qPCR after E. coli challenge: a and c Relative gene expression of cactus and dorsal regulators of Toll pathway; b and d Relative gene expression of caspar and relish regulators of Imd pathway; e, f, and g Relative gene expression of AMPs attacin, cecropin, and defensin 2. Bars represent mean with standard error (SEM) of two biological replicates from independent experiments collected at 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-challenge. Quantifications were normalized relative to the housekeeping gene rp49, and relative gene expression expressed as fold change calculated relative to unchallenged control group. Mann-Whitney test was used to verify significant differences. P-values: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01Back to article page