Table 2 Pathogens detected in Dermacentor reticulatus

Vector

Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus

Omsk haemorrhagic fever

Western Siberia

PH

[207]

Tick-borne encephalitis virus

Tick-borne encephalitis

Eurasia

PH

[80, 149, 228, 299]

Rickettsia raoultii

TIBOLA/DEBONEL

Eurasia

PH

[15, 62, 64, 107, 126, 141, 159, 235, 238, 245, 247–249, 300–303]

Rickettsia slovaca

TIBOLA/DEBONEL

Eurasia

PH

[64, 238, 245, 300, 304]

Anaplasma marginale

Bovine anaplasmosis

France

VET

Disseminated infection and mechanical (surgery) calf to calf transmission

[104, 194, 196]

Babesia canis

Canine babesiosis

Eurasia

VET

[69, 112, 123, 144, 180, 300, 305]

Babesia caballi

Equine babesiosis

Southern Europe

VET

[69]

Theileria equi

Equine theileriosis

Eurasia

VET

[188, 306, 307]

Carrier: found in questing or fed ticks or used in experimental infection studies (with unknown vector role)

Kemerovo virus

Kemerovo tick fever

Western Siberia

PH

[148]

Bluetongue virus (BTV-8)

Bluetongue disease

n.a.

PH

Disseminated infection but no transstadial or transovarial infection

[308]

Palma virus

?

n.a.

?

transmission by co-feeding on laboratory mice

[309]

Murid herpesvirus 4

Not known

Slovakia

?

[310]

Rickettsia helvetica

Aneruptive fever, endocarditis

Eurasia

PH

[115, 141, 250]

Rickettsia sibirica sibirica

Siberian tick typhus

Asia

PH

[311, 312]

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Human, canine and equine granulocytic anaplasmosis

Eurasia

PH + VET

[104, 144, 247, 313, 314]

Borrelia burgdorferi (s.s.)

Lyme borreliosis

Eurasia

PH

[141]

Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.)

Lyme borreliosis

Eurasia

PH

[104, 107, 141, 315, 316]

Borrelia afzelii

Lyme borreliosis

Eurasia

PH

Also detected in engorged larvae removed from uninfected mice

[15, 141, 206]

Borrelia valaisiana

Lyme borreliosis

Eurasia

PH

[141]

Borrelia garinii

Lyme borreliosis

Eurasia

PH

[158]

Coxiella burneii

Q-fever

Eurasia

PH

[104, 317]

Francisella tularensis ssp. holarctica

Tularemia

Eurasia

PH

[200, 318, 319]

Francisella philomiragia

Opportunistic human pathogen, fish pathogen

Eurasia

PH + VET

Not tick-transmitted

[104]

Francisella-like organisms

Not known

Eurasia

–

[105, 150, 320–324]

Bartonella henselae

Cat scratch disease

Eurasia

PH

[141, 158]

Bartonella quintana

Five-days fever

Eurasia

PH

[158]

Bartonella sp.

?

n.a.

?

[104]

Gordonia sputi

Endocarditis, mediastinitis

Europe

PH

In immunosuppressed individuals, not tick-transmitted

[325, 326]

Microbacterium floriorum

?

Europe

?

In immunosuppressed individuals, not tick-transmitted

[325]

Arthrobacter oxydans

?

Europe

?

Not tick-transmitted

[325]

Kocuria kristinae

Endocarditis, peritonitis

Europe

PH

Not tick-transmitted

[325]

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens

Septic arthritis

Europe

PH

Not tick-transmitted

[325]

Salmonella typhimurium

Salmonellosis

Eurasia

PH

Not tick-transmitted but transovarially transmitted

[327, 328]

Babesia microti

Human babesiosis

Eurasia

PH

[200, 305]

Babesia divergens

Bovine babesiosis, Redwater fever

Spain

PH + VET

[307, 329]

Human babesiosis

Europe

Babesia bigemina

Texas fever

Spain

VET

[307]

Theileria sp. OT1

Not known

Spain

?

[307]

Hepatozoon canis

Canine hepatozoonosis

Worldwide

VET

In engorged nymphs from infected dogs

[298]

Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasmosis

Worldwide

PH + VET

Not tick-transmitted

[202]

Nosema slovaca

–

Slovakia, Hungary

–

[330]