Analyses of mitochondrial genes reveal two sympatric but genetically divergent lineages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in Kenya

Table 3 Global analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for different groups of ticks at different hierarchical levels

Clusters	Hierarchy	Variance components	Percentage variation
Overall (all R. appendiculatus populations)	1	Among populations	56.82
Overall (all R. appendiculatus populations)	1	Within populations	43.18
Cattle vs cattle-wildlife and wildlife R. appendiculatus populations	2	Among groups	14.91
		Among populations within groups	35.38
		Within populations	49.71
Cattle vs wildlife only R. appendiculatus populations	2	Among groups	3.88
		Among populations within groups	47.82
		Within populations	48.30
Cattle-wildlife vs wildlife R. appendiculatus populations	2	Among groups	-4.96
		Among populations within groups	12.91
		Within populations	92.05
Field vs laboratory R. appendiculatus populations	2	Among groups	-1.43
		Among populations within groups	57.28
		Within populations	44.15
Cattle vs cattle-wildlife vs. wildlife R. appendiculatus populations	3	Among groups	4.94
		Among populations within groups	42.69
		Within populations	52.37
Haplogroup A vs haplogroup B (between the two major R. appendiculatus haplogroups)	2	Among populations	90.80
	2	Within populations	9.30

Clusters were based on a priori groupings of sampling localities. Cattle R. appendiculatus populations were collected directly from cattle or pastures grazed by cattle only. Cattle vs. cattle-wildlife and wildlife refers to populations collected from areas grazed by cattle versus a combination of populations from pastures co-grazed by cattle and wildlife and areas grazed by wildlife. Cattle vs wildlife only R. appendiculatus populations refer to ticks collected from areas grazed by cattle versus those collected areas grazed by wildlife only. Cattle-wildlife vs wildlife populations refer to populations from areas co-grazed by both cattle and wildlife versus wildlife only populations. Field vs laboratory R. appendiculatus populations refers to all R. appendiculatus ticks collected from field localities versus laboratory R. appendiculatus. Haplogroup A vs haplogroup B was between the two major R. appendiculatus haplogroups identified by ML and MJ network

ISSN: 1756-3305