A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries

Table 1 Visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa

VL cycle	Causative agent, vector and disease reservoir	References
Anthroponotic (VL)	Parasite: Leishmania donovani	[11, 15, 17, 20, 22, 23, 45, 57]
	Vectors: Phlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis; Ph. (Synphlebotomus) martini; Ph. (Anaphlebotomus) rodhaini ^a; Ph. (Synphlebotomus) celiae
	Disease reservoirs: Humans
Zoonotic (VL)	Parasites: Leishmania donovani, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania archibaldi	[15, 22, 33, 57]
	Vectors: Phlebotomus rodhaini is possible vector for ZVL in East Africa
	Disease reservoirs: Rodents (Egyptian mongoose) and dogs are possible reservoirs for ZVL cycle

^a Phlebotomus rodhaini has been found to be infected with L. donovani in Eastern Sudan and is reported to be a possible vector for transmission of the disease between animal reservoirs

ISSN: 1756-3305